Paluku Augustin,
Tsobeng Alain, Okungo Albert, Tchoundjeu
Zacharie, Bwama Marcel, and Van Damme Patrick, from the institute of Cameroun.
wrote a Research article about, Growing Anonidium Fast: Vegetative Propagation
by Leafy Stem Cuttings. Entitled, Vegetative propagation of Anonidium mannii
(Oliver) Engler & Diels (Annonaceae) by leafy stem cuttings in Kisangani,
DR Congo. This research paper published by the International Journal of
Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research
journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International
Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary
research journal publisher.
Abstract
This study tested the influence of substrate type, size surface and application of IBA auxin on rooting of stem cutting leaf of Anonidium mannii, a wild fruit species with low seed germination rate. Two trials were conducted. The first tested three substrate types that are sand, wood sawdust and rice husks. We also tested combinations of these substrates (2:2), resulting in six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The second experiment compared different cutting leaf surfaces (12.5, 25 and 37.5cm2) and auxins (IBA applied and not applied) in a split plot design. Using sand as substrate resulted in significantly higher rooting rates (62.1 ± 5.9%), while use of rice husks, even combined with other substrates, did not achieve any cutting rooting. Significant and non-significant differences were observed, respectively, with factors leaf area and auxin application. Highest rooting rates (26.70 ± 6.6%) were obtained with a leaf surface of 37.5cm² in combination with IBA application. Vegetative cutting propagation is possible for A. mannii, albeit with low rooting rates. Therefore, more targeted testing is required; addressing other parameters such as cutting type, season of cutting and increase of the leaf surface of cuttings.
Introduction
Agriculture was started
when man became sedentary and focused on stocking food. In the wetlands of
tropical Africa, forest ecosystems are still reservoirs of an extremely rich animal
and plant biodiversity (Aubé, 1996). The latter is used by is al populations
for nutritional, medicinal, socio-economic and cultural purposes (Mbolo, 2002),
often without any sustainable management objectives or methods, however
(Bonannée, 2003).
Besides timber forest
products (TFPs), these forests are also rich in non-timber products (NTFPs;
Peter, 2000) consisting of fruits, nuts, seeds, leaf, barks and stems (Wong et
al., 2001) which are used by humans (Dupriez et al., 1987). The latter are
mostly harvested from wild stands but not from actively cultivated plants
(Degrande et al., 2002). However, the domestication of these species could be
worthwhile and undertaken by anyone (Dupriez et al., 1987).
Anonidium mannii
(Oliv.) Engl. and Diels, a fruit tree in the Congo basis rainforest belonging
to the family Annonaceae is a local species of interest. Its stem can reach
high of 30 m and a diameter of 80cm. Its leaves are evergreen, alternate, and
simple, up to 45cm long and 18cm wide. Fruits are compound, yellow,
surfacecrosslinked, weighing 4-10kg. The fruits a high number of brown seeds
which are embedded an orange-yellow pulp which represents 60% of total weight.
This pulp is high in proteins (Vivien et al., 1996; Lejoly et al., 2010). The
fruit of A. mannii is an important food in the Tshopo Province of DR Congo, and
the bark is used in traditional medicine (Evarest, 2008; Termote, 2012).
Despite all the
advantages of A. mannii, esp. for the forest population of DR Congo in general
and of the Kisangani area in particular, there is no record of this fruit tree
being cultivated. The products of this plant are derived from trees wild stands
in the surrounding forests which are often subject to deforestation by human
activities (Carpe 2001; Bwama et al., 2008), resulting in a decline of this are
therefore compelling. Since local people are able to identity suitable trees
for cultivation (especially in terms of fruit taste), vegetative propagation
would allow the selection of these genotype and thus maintain preferential
characters, excluding low germination rate of seeds (Vivien et al., 1996).
For vegetative
propagation by cuttings, several factors can help to promote rooting of the
cuttings: type, length and leaf area of cuttings, and type of rooting substrate.
These factors have been studied for several species in the Central African
Region. Regarding species Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae), in terms
of substrate, highest rooting rates were achieved with sand (18.7 ± 1.3%;
Antangana et al., 2006). For Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) HJ Lam. (Burseraceae),
wood sawdust and combination sand and sawdust (77.7 ± 5.6 and 78.8 ± 7.8%,
respectively) did not yield significant differences in rooting rates compared
to the use of sand who was 58.8 ± 10.6% (Mialoundama et al., 2002). Regarding
hormone use, Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) auxin improve rooting rate of cuttings
compared the effect of other auxins (Naphthalene Acetic Acid, NAA or Indole
Acetic Acid, IAA); for both Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille,
(Rubiaceae; Tchoundjeu et al., 2004) and Baillonella toxisperma Pierre
(Sapotaceae). A combination of 75cm² leaf area x IBA auxin x sand substrate
resulted in highest rooting rates for B. toxisperma (Ngo Mpeck et Atangana,
2007).
Based on these results,
our study aimed to evaluate the influence of substrate type, cutting leaf area
and IBA auxin on rooting of cuttings of A. mannii.
The objective of this
study is to develop a vegetative propagation approach to mass-produce seedlings
of A. mannii by stem cuttings, in order to make available the plant materials
to regenerate this species in the fields.
We hereby tested the
following hypotheses: (1) rooting rate of A. mannii cuttings depends on
substrate type used, esp. in terms of texture, structure; (2) larger leaf area,
promote rooting due to higher photosynthetic activity; and (3) the application
of IBA auxin stimulates rooting in cuttings of A. mannii.
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