Gongronema latifolium Extract Mitigates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats | InformativeBD

Chinedu Imo, Friday O. Uhegbu, Ifeanacho Nkeiruka G., Egbeigwe Otito and Ezekwe A. S.,  from the different institute of Nigeria. wrote a Reseach Article about, Gongronema latifolium Extract Mitigates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Entitled, Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine (IJBB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biomedicine. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study examined the biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. The serum liver enzymesALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract. Protein concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract.The effect of the G. latifolium leaf extract seems to be dose dependent on the liver enzymes and protein concentration measured. The results showed that acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in the wistar albino rats as observed in the negative control was reversed with the administration of the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (in groups 3, 4 and 5) in the test animals. The histological analysis of the liver showed that the extract had a normalising effect on the effected liver. These results indicate that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium exhibits biochemical and histological changes and can be used against some hepatic inflammations.

Read more : Therapeutic Insights from Red Soil Actinomycetes: Purification and Metabolite Analysis |InformativeBD

Introduction

Gongronema latifolium (whose leaves are bitter) is commonly called ‘‘utazi’’ and ‘‘arokeke’’ in South Eastern and South Western parts of Nigeria respectively. It is a tropical rainforest plant primarily used as spice and vegetable in traditional folk medicine (Ugochukwu et al., 2003).

Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium shows the presence of essential oil, saponins, alkaloids, minerals with calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and potassium (Atangwho et al., 2009). It is a tropical rainforest plant which has been traditionally used in the South Eastern part of Nigeria for the management of diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The presence of phytochemicals (tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and hydrocyanide), proximate (crude fat, ash, fat and protein), mineral elements (Cr, Cu, Se, Zn and Fe) and vitamins (A, C, riboflavin, niacin and thiamine) has been reported in the root bark and twig extracts (Egbung et al., 2011). Plant based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc. that is any part of the plant may contain active components (Ibe et al., 2014).

Elevated levels of serum enzymes are inductive of cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver. Since the plant is used variously by traditional/alternative medicine practitioners to manage various ailments, the biochemical and histological changes was therefore studied.

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is a widely used overthe-counter analgesic and antipyretic. It is commonly used for the relief of headaches and other minor aches and pains and is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu remedies (Chinedu et al., 2013). The onset of analgesia is approximately 11 minutes after oral administration of paracetamol (Moller et al., 2005), and its half-life is 1–4 hours. Though acetaminophen is used to treat inflammatory pain, it is not generally classified as an NSAID because it exhibits only weak anti-inflammatory activity.

While generally safe for use at recommended doses (1,000 mg per single dose and up to 4,000 mg per day for adults), acute overdose of paracetamol can cause potentially fatal liver damage and, in rare individuals, a normal dose can do the same; the risk is heightened by alcohol consumption. Paracetamol toxicity is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdose in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. 

Histology studies the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues by sectioning and staining, followed by examination under a light microscope or electron microscope. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains. Histological assessment of the liver, and thus, liver biopsy, is a cornerstone in the evaluation and management of patients with liver disease and has long been considered to be an integral component of the clinician’s diagnostic armamentarium (Rockey et al., 2009).

Liver histology may also be very helpful in patients with coexisting disorders such as steatosis and HCV or hemochromatosis or an “overlap” syndrome of PBC with AIH (Zein et al., 2003).

Reference

Atangwho IJ, Ebong PE, Eyong EU, Williams IO, Eteng MU, Egbung GE. 2009. Comparative chemical composition of leaves of some antidiabetic medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (18), 4685-4689.

Chinedu I, Uhegbu FO, Imo CK, Ifeanacho NG. 2013. Ameliorating effect and haematological activities of methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. International Journal of Biosciences, 3 (11), 183-188.

Egbung GE, Atangwho IJ, Iwara IA, Eyong UE. 2011. Micronutrient and phytochemical composition of root bark and twig extracts of Gongronema latifolium. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2 (11), 1185-1188.

Enas AKM. 2012. Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous leaves extract of Psidium guajava and Zizyphus spina – christi against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8 (5), 2800 – 2806.

Gupta AK, Misra N. 2006. Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Chamomile capitula in paracetamol intoxicated albino rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicollogy 1, 17-20.

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Ibe C, Conrad CJ, Chinedu I, Kelechi UO, Monday  UO. 2014.  Evaluation  of  the  Antioxidant Activities of Psidium guajava and Aloe vera. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(3), 397-406.

Moller P, Sindet-Pedersen S, Petersen C, Juhl G, Dillenschneider A, Skoglund L. 2005. Onset of acetaminophen analgesia: comparison of oral and intravenous routes after third molar surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 94 (5), 642–648.

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Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, Nelson RC, Smith AD. 2009. Liver Biopsy. Hepatology 49 (3), 1017.

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Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE, Cobourne M, Gasset SR. 2003. The effect of Gongronema latifolium extracts on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of diabetic rats. Journal of Biosciences 20 (1), 1-5.

Zein CO, Angulo P, Lindor KD. 2003. When is liver biopsy needed in the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis? Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1, 89-95.

Source : Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats  

 

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Therapeutic Insights from Red Soil Actinomycetes: Purification and Metabolite Analysis | InformativeBD

A. Amrin,  M. Muthuselvam, and Radha Palaniswamy, from the different institute of India. wrote a Reseach Article about, Therapeutic Insights from Red Soil Actinomycetes: Purification and Metabolite Analysis. Entitled, Purification and analysis of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes isolated from red soil: Insights into their therapeutic application. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Mycology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Actinomycetes isolated from soil can produce diverse secondary metabolites with valuable therapeutic applications. This study aimed to isolate actinomycetes from red soil and evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, and biofilm-forming potential. Selected isolates exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in agar well diffusion assays. Further chemical characterization of their secondary metabolites using spectroscopic techniques confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for their bioactivity. Antioxidant activity was assessed using free radical scavenging assays, revealing strong antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the isolates demonstrated notable biofilm-forming ability, essential for their survival in harsh environments, and may contribute to antibiotic resistance. These soil-derived actinomycetes’ combined antibacterial and antioxidant properties highlight their potential as sources of natural compounds for pharmaceutical applications. The findings support the need for further studies on these bioactive compounds’ toxicity, formulation, and clinical relevance. This research contributes to the growing interest in natural product discovery and provides promising candidates for developing alternative antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from red soil actinomycetes.

Read more : Histological Insights into Alternaria brassicae Infection in Brassica napus and Raphanus brassica |InformativeBD

Introduction

Actinobacteria are a highly diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that play a vital ecological role, particularly in soil environments, where they decompose complex organic materials such as lignin and cellulose. Their high GC content is a distinctive genetic trait that enhances their stability and survival in harsh conditions (Jagannathan et al., 2021).

Morphologically, their filamentous, mycelium-like structures resemble those of fungi, allowing them to form extensive networks that facilitate colonization of varied substrates.

These features, combined with their adaptability to a wide range of environments—including acidic, alkaline, and nutrient-deficient soils make them ecologically significant and biotechnologically valuable (Ebency et al., 2024). One of the most studied genera within this group, Streptomyces, is renowned for its production of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics like streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Collectively, actinobacteria produce a range of therapeutically and industrially important compounds such as antifungals, immunosuppressants, and enzymes, making them a major focus in drug discovery and bioremediation research. This study aims to isolate actinomycetes from red soil and investigate their antibacterial, antioxidant, and biofilm-forming potentials. Antimicrobial activity in actinomycetes stems from compounds that interfere with vital bacterial processes, including cell wall formation, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid replication. For example, certain antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, while others block ribosomal function or DNA replication, effectively controlling or eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Some metabolites also target bacterial enzymes, disrupting essential metabolic pathways and contributing to their role in addressing antibiotic resistance. Beyond antimicrobial properties, actinomycetes are known for producing natural antioxidants, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is implicated in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration (Nithyalakshmi et al., 2025). These antioxidant compounds are also explored for their potential applications in medicine, food preservation, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, actinobacteria are capable of forming biofilms—structured microbial communities enclosed in an extracellular matrix made of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids that protect from environmental stressors and antimicrobial agents (Vaijayanthi et al., 2012). While biofilm formation enhances environmental resilience, it also poses a clinical challenge by contributing to persistent infections on medical devices and tissues due to their increased resistance compared to freefloating bacterial cells. Overall, the biochemical diversity and ecological resilience of actinomycetes, particularly those from red soil, highlight their immense potential in the search for novel antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, and strategies to manage biofilm-associated infections.

Reference

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Abdelfattah MS, Elmallah MIY, Hawas UW, Abou El-Kassema LT, Eid MAG. 2016. Isolation and characterization of marine-derived actinomycetes with cytotoxic activity from the Red Sea coast. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6(8), 651–657.

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Babu PM, Panda N, Nayak RK, Sethi D, Biswal S, Mishra MK, Pattanayak SK. 2025. Isolation, characterization, and screening of phosphate (P) solubilizing actinomycetes and exploring their potency in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.). BMC Plant Biology 25(1), 362.

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Ebency CIL, Shobana MF, Tharani S, Mano SS, Vanitha N. 2024. Isolation, molecular identification, characterization of Actinomycetes, and study of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Research Journal of Agricultural Science 15(5), 1105–1113.

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Source : Purification and analysis of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes isolated from red soil:Insights into their therapeutic application

 

 

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Histological Insights into Alternaria brassicae Infection in Brassica napus and Raphanus brassica | InformativeBD

Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee, from the different institute of Iraq. wrote a Reseach Article about, Histological Insights into Alternaria brassicae Infection in Brassica napus and Raphanus brassica. Entitled, Histological study of leaves symptoms of Brassica napus and Raphanus brassica infected by Alternaria brassicae. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Alternaria leaf spot can be a devastating disease as the mechanism by which the fungus Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.  spread in canola is not yet fully  understood. It is essential to understand the infection process and mechanisms of resistance by studying biotic and abiotic factors. In the present study, two abiotic elicitors-Salicylic acid (200 ppm), and Milor MZ (Mancozeb 64% + Metalaxyl 8% WP) fungicide (100 ppm) along with the biotic elicitor Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF83), were examined to induce systemic resistance in Brassica napus AACC (2n=38) and Raphanus brassica AARR (2n=38) against Alternaria leaf spot disease. The histological study revealed that R. brassica exhibited resistance to Alternaria leaf spot disease. Fungal colonies were observed on R. brassica leaves at 120 hours post-inoculation (hpi), and Similar observations were seen on B. napus leaves after 24 hpi. However, signs of the pathogen, including hyphae, conidia, appresoria, and dead cells, were present on the surface of the infected leaf in both genotypes but were not observed in plants treated with biotic and abiotic elicitors. Thus, the biotic elicitors PF83 and the abiotic elicitors SA and Milor MZ significantly reduced (P≤0.5) lesion sizes of pathogen at 24, 84, and 120 hpi in both genotypes. Finally, the results suggested that R. brassica produced resistance to Alternaria leaf spot. Additionally, the application of PF83 isolate is considered a useful tool for enhancing protection methods for canola genotypes.

Read more: Sea Urchin Methanolic Extract Shows Antibacterial Activity Against E. coli and S. aureus | InformativeBD

Introduction

The Brassicaceae family is economically and industrially significant, including many species important for oil production. Brassica napus is one of the top three most valuable oilseed crops, serving as a source of nutrition for humans, forage for animal feed, and raw material for biofuels and soil conditioners. It also holds significant socioeconomic importance across various industries (Borges et al., 2023). 

Alternaria brassica is a plant pathogenic fungus and the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot disease. This disease can severely impact crops in the Brassicaceae family, including rapeseed (B. napus) and mustard (B. juncea), causing significant economic losses. In some cases, such as in Lithuania, it has caused 100% losses of seed yield (Brazauskiene and Petraitiene, 2006), while in Canada, losses have reached up to 42% (Degenhardt et al., 1974).

In general, A. brassicae infests the phyllosphere, causing early foliar deterioration, defoliation, and a reduction in the photosynthetic area (Sharma et al., 2002). Moreover, it reduces seed size, yield, and color, leading to a decrease in oil content (Kaushik et al., 1984). The hyphal growth of A. brassicola within the leaf tissues of B. oleracea results in the loss of host cell integrity and organelle disintegration at different levels (Macioszek et al., 2020). While many methods are available to control Alternaria leaf spot disease, they are not always effective (Meena et al., 2010). One of these methods involves using resistance-inducing factors such as Elicitor factors.

Elicitor factors that induce systemic resistance in plants are classified as biotic or abiotic, and as physical or chemical, depending on their origin and molecular structure. External elicitors can be defined as factors that influence the cellular system to build certain compounds involved in defense mechanisms against plant pathogens (Riseh and Vazvani, 2024). Bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote growth are referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR influences plant growth in two different ways: directly or indirectly. Nonpathogenic Pseudomonas species, a well-known genus for PGPR, are recognized for their antagonistic effects and their impact to stimulate induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. This enhances the effectiveness of bio-control strategies, contributing to improved cropping systems (Yu et al., 2022).

To identify the genome (AA, CC or RR) containing the resistance trait against Alternaria leaf spot disease, the researcher studied two genotypes: B. napus (AACC, 2n=36) and B. rapa/R. sativus (AARR, 2n = 38). Additionally, a comparative study, between biotic and abiotic elicitors, was conducted to induce systemic resistance in genotypes tested against Alternaria leaf spot.

Reference 

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Riseh RS, Vazvanim MG. 2024. Unveiling methods to stimulate plant resistance against pathogens. Frontiers in Bioscience 29(5), 188. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2905188.

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Yu Y, Gui Y, Li Z, Jiang C, Guo J, Niu D. 2022. Induced systemic resistance for improving plant immunity by beneficial microbes. Plants 11(3), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030386.

Source : Histological study of leaves symptoms of Brassica napus and Raphanus brassica infected by Alternaria brassicae

 

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Sea Urchin Methanolic Extract Shows Antibacterial Activity Against E. coli and S. aureus | InformativeBD

Kate Jocel D. Barroga, Diana C. Castillo, and Evaristo A. Abella, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Sea Urchin Methanolic Extract Shows Antibacterial Activity Against E. coli and S. aureus. Entitled, Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.

Read more : Mapping Dindéresso Forest Landscapes with Sentinel-2 and Machine Learning | InformativeBD

Introduction

Marine invertebrates are excellent sources of bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant dynamics. Recent discovery on pharmacological dynamics has stimulated the search for natural agents or natural sources that will lead to a desirable antibacterial and secondary metabolites (Abubakar et al., 2012). 

The diversity of marine organisms in our ecosystem, secondary metabolites has been identified as one of very important compound available produced in marine organisms. Sea urchins are small, spiny, globular animals belong to the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum (Shankarlal et al., 2011). Additionally, sea urchins have orbicular bodies coated with a strict shell and thoroughly covered with many sharp spines (Amarowicz et al., 2012).

As stated in the study of Bich et al., (2004), echinoderms have pharmacologically active secondary metabolites. The antibacterial activity of sea urchin is generally assayed through various extracts with different solvents. Methanol extract of Tripneustes gratilla showed highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Abubakar et al., 2012). Also, methanol extract of Diadema setosum exhibited higher zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Rahman et al., 2015). 

An investigation report of Bragadeeswaran et al. (2013) on the bioactive compounds of sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus showed remarkable hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. The spines of purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus showed excellent activity by using DPPH scavenging activity indicating the presence of PHNQ as potential sources of natural antioxidants (Zhou et al., 2011). 

The present work focused on the screening of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of whole globular body and tissues of Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga collected from the intertidal zone of the coastal ecosystem of Barangay Diguisit, Baler, Aurora, Philippines.

Reference

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Amarowicz R, Synowiecki J, Shahidi F. 2012. Chemical composition of shells from red (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) and green (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) sea urchin. Journal of Food Chemistry 133, 822-826.

Bich D, Chung D, Chuong B, Dong N, Dam D, Hien P, Lo V, Mai P, Man P, Nhu D. 2004. The medicinal plants and animals in Vietnam. Hanoi Science and Technology Publication 1.

Bragadeeswaran S, Sri Kumaran N, Prasath Sankar P, Prabahar R. 2013. Bioactive potential of sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus from Devanampattinam, Southeast coast of India. Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine 2(3), 9-18.

Brasseur L, Hennebert E, Fievez L, Caulier G, Bureau F, Tafforeau L, Eeckhaut I. 2017. The roles of spinochromes in four shallow water tropical sea urchins and their potential as bioactive pharmacological agents. Marine drugs 15(6), 179.

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Kazemi S. Heidari B, Rassa M. 2016. Antibacterial and hemolytic effects of aqueous and organic extracts from different tissues of sea urchin Echinometra mathaei on pathogenic streptococci. International Aquatatic Research 8(4), 299-308.

Lalitha, M. K. 2004. Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. New Delhi, India. Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists.

Lebedev AV, Ivanova MV, Levitsky DO. 2003. Iron chelators and free radical scavengers in naturally occurring polyhydroxylated 1, 4-naphthoquinones. Hemoglobin 32(1-2), 165-179.

Minh CV, Kiem PV, Huong LM, Kim YH. 2004. Cytotoxic constituents of Diadema setosum. Archives of Pharmacal Research 27(7), 734-737.

Mokhlesi A, Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Shahverdi AR, Nasrolahi A, Farahani F, Es’haghi N. 2012. Biological activities of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7, 243-249.

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Rahman MA, Amin SMN, Yussof FM, Kupan P, Sham-Sudi MN. 2012. Length weight relationships and fecun-dity estimates of long-spined sea urchin, Diadema setosum, fron Pulau Pangkor, Peninsular Malaysia. Aquatic Ecosystem Health Manage 15, 311-315.

Schoppe S. 2001. Echinoderms of the Philippines: A guide to common shallow water sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and feather star. VISCA-GTZ Program on Applied Tropical Ecology, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Leyte, Philippines.

Shankarlal S, Prabu K, Natarajan E. 2011. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of purple sea urchin shell (Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz and Desor 1846). American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research 6(3), 178-181.

Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S. 2010. The bacterial cell envelope. Biosynthetic Products for Cancer Chemotherapy 127-143.

Yasmin. 2015. Developmental biology of sea urchin, Echinometra oblonga (Blainville, 1825) And Its Larval Settlement Behavior in Response to Chemical Cues.

Zhou DY, Zhu BW, Wang XD, Tan H, Yang J, Li DM, Dong XP, Wu HT, Sun L, Li XL, Murata Y. 2011. Extraction and antioxidant property of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone pigments from spines of purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. Food Chemistry (129), 1591-1597.

Source : Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus  

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Mapping Dindéresso Forest Landscapes with Sentinel-2 and Machine Learning | InformativeBD

Boalidioa Tankoano,  Dramane Ouedraogo,  Zézouma Sanon, Jérôme T. Yameogo, and Mipro Hien, from the different institute of Burkina Faso. wrote a Reseach Article about, Mapping Dindéresso Forest Landscapes with Sentinel-2 and Machine Learning. Entitled, Mapping heterogeneous landscapes using sentinel-2 imagery and machine learning algorithms: A case of the Dindéresso classified forest. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The anthropization of natural ecosystems has not excluded the domain classified by the State. As a result, the landscape of protected areas such as the Dinderesso Classified Forest is highly heterogeneous. The overall objective was to assess the performance of machine learning algorithms in better mapping the land use classes of the Dinderesso Classified Forest. To do this, a Sentinel-2 image and information collected in the field were used. The Sentinel-2 image was classified using Random Forest and Support Vector Machine algorithms. 850 regions of interest were selected for model training and validation. Random Forest performed best, with a Kappa coefficient of 91.49% compared with 90.17% for Support Vector Machine. The F-score for the Bare land and Agroforestry parks class was the highest (0.98) and the Gallery and Dense Vegetation class had the lowest F-score (0.82). Both algorithms showed high levels of performance, so they are suitable for classifying heterogeneous landscapes. The proportion of the Bare land and Agroforestry parks class was 29.29% compared with 70.71% for the natural formation classes (shrub savannahs, tree savannahs, Gallery, and Dense Vegetation). Given the level of anthropization of the Classified Forest, measures need to be taken to limit this process to conserve biodiversity.

Read more : White Spot Syndrome Virus: A Major Threat to Shrimp Farming in Asia | InformativeBD

Introduction

Burkina Faso, a Sahelian country, is home to major reservoirs of biodiversity in West Africa (Ouoba, 2006; Tankaono et al., 2017; Tiendrebeogo et al., 2019). The State's classified domain, which covers around 14% of the national territory, is the foundation of the national biodiversity conservation policy (Tankaono et al., 2016; Zida et al., 2015). However, human activities such as inappropriate agricultural practices, overpopulation, exploitation, and urban sprawl, combined with the poverty of rural populations, constitute serious threats to this classified State domain (Tankoano et al., 2015; Sanon et al., 2019). According to the latest report on Burkina Faso's forests, around 60% of the country's protected areas are under human occupation (DIFOR, 2007). Between 1990 and 2015, the surface area of plant cover was reduced by around 1% per year (FAO, 2015). One of the main causes of this deforestation of protected areas is agriculture and gold panning (Ouedraogo et al., 2010; Dimobe et al., 2015; Soulama et al., 2015; Zoungrana et al., 2015; Semeki Ngabinzeke et al., 2016). These two main activities lead to the fragmentation of the forest ecosystems in these protected areas (Kabulu et al., 2008; Kpedenou et al., 2016; Tankoano et al., 2016; Sanon et al., 2019). Faced with this situation, monitoring the country's last vestiges of biodiversity is becoming crucial, even imperative, at the risk of witnessing an erosion of national biodiversity. Unfortunately, financial and human resources are lacking.

Most studies concerning vegetation cover mapping in Burkina Faso are based on Landsat satellite images, but very few have used Sentinel-2 images. Nowadays, remote sensing has become a powerful tool for monitoring protected areas. Satellite imagery is commonly used to study the dynamics of land-use units, mutations between land-use units, and the impacts of agricultural activities and logging (JofackSokeng et al., 2016; Gansaonré et al., 2020; Tankoano et al., 2023). These various activities within protected areas lead to a certain het erogeneity in the landscape, which makes it difficult to classify land-use units with a high level of precision.

More and more satellites and classification algorithms are being developed for this purpose. Machine learning algorithms are also being used to classify satellite images. Sentinel-2 images, with their high resolution (10m), make it easier to detect the smallest units in the landscape. Machine learning algorithms enable accurate cartographic results, facilitating timely decision-making by protected area managers. 

However, the application of machine learning algorithms in classifying heterogeneous ecosystems has been explored little. Their contribution to improved accuracy, hence the reduction of interclass confusion, therefore needs to be explored in highly heterogeneous savannah ecosystems.

This study aims to evaluate the ability of machine learning algorithms to classify a heterogeneous landscape using a sentinel-2 image with high accuracy. Specifically, the aim was to (i) map the Dinderesso Classified Forest using a Sentinel-2 image and machine learning ; (ii) assess the ability of each two machine learning algorithms (RF and SVM) to better classify the land use/land cover within Dinderesso classified forest.

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Diallo H, Bamba I, Barima YSS, Visser M, Ballo A, Mama A, Vranken I, Maïga M, Bogaert J. 2011. Effet s combinés du climat et  des pressions anthropiques sur la dynamique évolutive de la végétation d’une zone protégée du Mali (Réserve de Fina, Boucle du Baoulé). Sécheresse 22(3), 97-107. DOI: 10.1684/sec.2011.0306

Dimobe K, Ouédraogo A, Soma S, Goet ze D, Porembski S, Thiombiano A. 2015. Identification of driving factors of land degradation and deforestation in the Wildlife Reserve of Bontioli (Burkina Faso, West Africa). Global Ecology and Conservation 4, 559-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.10.006

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Gholamy A, Kreinovich V, Kosheleva O. 2018. Why 70/30 or 80/20 relation between training and testing sets: A pedagogical explanation. Dep. Tech. Rep. 1209, 1–6.

Inoussa MM, Mahamane A, Mbow C, Saâdou M, Yvonne B. 2011. Dynamique spatio-temporelle des forêts claires dans le Parc national du W du Niger (Afrique de l’Ouest). Sécheresse 22(3), 97-107. DOI: 10.1684/sec.2011.0305

Islami FA, Tarigan SD, Wahjunie ED, Dasanto BD. 2022. Accuracy assessment of land use change analysis using Google Earth in Sadar Watershed Mojokerto Regency. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, 012091. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012091

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Source : Mapping heterogeneous landscapes using sentinel-2 imagery and machine learning algorithms: A case ofthe Dindéresso classified forest 

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White Spot Syndrome Virus: A Major Threat to Shrimp Farming in Asia | InformativeBD

Joyanta Bir,  Pallabi Howlader, Sunuram Ray,  Shamima Sultana,  S. M. Ibrahim Khalil, and Ghausiatur Reza Banu, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Review Article about, White Spot Syndrome Virus: A Major Threat to Shrimp Farming in Asia. Entitled, A critical review on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV): A potential threat to shrimp farming in Bangladesh and some Asian countries. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology(IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

WSSV is one of the alarming pathogen all over the world especially for the tropical countries. It causes huge economic loss through rapid mortality of crustacean and some of important mollusks species. Immediately after occurrence in 1992, this disease continuously depletes the world aquaculture production. It is more severe in Asian country and high prevalence in winter sometime after heavy rainfall. Morphologically WSSV consists with a double strand DNA with a 6-7 nm thick envelope, a nucleocaspid and proteins. The nested PCR is the most reliable technique to detect WSSV DNA from shrimp products. Farmer should be given additional concern to prevent the outbreak this virulence virus. Therefore the current study aim is to focus on some biological and economical aspects of WSSV pathogen. This will be an useful reviews article for the aquaculture science.

Read more :  Ossicle Morphology of Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) Across Maturity Stages |InformativeBD 

Introduction

Status of shrimp farming in world Shrimp aquaculture is foremost earning industries in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world especially in Asia and Australia. It has a very significance contribution in national income, food security, employment opportunities to both rural and coastal people and eventually in poverty alleviation. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2014), Shrimp is occupying the largest single commodity in international market and contribute about 15 percent of the total value of traded fishery products in 2012. 

The FAO and GOAL survey estimate that the global production of farm-raised shrimp will reach 3.8 million tonnes in 2012 (Fig. 1) and 4 million tonnes in 2013 (Valderrama et al., 2012). About 50 percent shrimp are captured from the Northwest and Western Central Pacific ocean, Indian Ocean and Western Atlantic Ocean also contribute 20 and 17 percent of the total respectively. In the world of shrimp aquaculture, the most important two species are the Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, sometime Penaeus indicus also attain important for farming. In Asia most shrimp aquaculture occurs in China, followed by Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and Bangladesh (Fig. 2).

Therefore In Bangladesh, shrimp farming has rapidly expanded since 1980s (Debnath et al., 2014) and now this sector is the second largest export earnings sources contributing about 5% to national GDP (Hossain et al., 2014; Rahman and Hossain, 2013) and approximately 8.5 million Bangladeshi peoples particularly coastal regions peoples directly depend on this sector for their livelihood (DoF, 2013). The main cultured species is black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), and in 2010-2011 Bangladesh produced 56,569 MT of tiger shrimp with an export value of approximately $462 million (DOF, 2012). 

The major viruses of concern for shrimp aquaculture are white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV), taura syndrome virus (TSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), gill-associated virus (GAV), monodon slow growth virus (MSGS) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) (Walker and Mohan, 2009).

In recent year’s White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a major threat to Shrimp Aquaculture in many country especially Asian countries. As a result shrimp production was drastically decreases and many shrimp farmer and hatchery owner had to face huge economic loses. But they have no clear idea about the syndrome of this WSSV virus. So the objective of this review article is to give clear idea about some biological aspect of WSSV virus and the consequence of WSSV virus with some mitigation procedure and economic aspects.

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen responsible for the white spot diseases (WSD) in cultured penaeid shrimp. WSSV is the only member of the genus Whispovirus, and family, Nimaviridae (Reddy et al., 2013; (Walker and Mohan, 2009). Depending on clinical sign initially WSSV virus was known in different names like Hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis baculovirus (HHNBV), chinese baculovirus (CBV), systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV), penaeid rodshaped DNA virus (PRDV) or rodshaped nuclear virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ), and white spot disease (WSD) to the researcher (Reddy et al., 2013)

History of outbreak and world Distribution White spot disease (WSD) was first reported in June 1992 in cultured kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus Bate, 1888) in the Fujian Province of China and in nearby Taiwan (Jiang 2009; Walker and Mohan, 2009). The disease then spread to Japan in 1993 where it was reported from farmed M. japonicus (Walker and Mohan, 2009; Nakano et al., 1994).

Over the next few years the disease became widespread throughout Southeast Asia, spreading to Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India, causing hundreds of million dollars economic losses for the shrimp industry every year. In Bangladesh, WSSV was first identified in 1994 from a semi-intensive farm in Cox's Bazar, and then subsequently in 1996 the disease spread to Khulna region and other southwest part country, affecting approximately 90% of extensive shrimp farms and causing a 20% drop in national shrimp production. As a result the shrimp exports in Bangladesh dropped from 25,742 tonnes to 18,630 tonnes in 1997–1998 (Debnath et al., 2014). The first recorded outbreak of WSSV in the Americas was at a farm in Texas in November 1995 (Lightner et al., 1997). In 1999 WSSV first appeared in Panama and within two months the disease spread north to Honduras and Guatemsala.

In late 1999, WSSV spread in Ecuador (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2014) therefore drastically down their shrimp export (nearly 70%) (Walker and Mohan, 2009). It was anticipated that the reasons behind this rapid spread are mainly due to the potency of the virus, lack of its awareness and prevention, global expansion of the industry and increasing intensive shrimp farming practices (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2014). WSSV also reached Spain and Australia in 2000-2001. In both cases, successful containment and eradication were reported and for both events (OIE, 2013)

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Source : A critical review on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV): A potential threat to shrimp farming inBangladesh and some Asian countries

 

 

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