Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination | InformativeBD

Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, from the institute of Pakistan.  Shar Muhammad, from the institute of Pakistan. Wazir Ali Metlo,  from the institute of Pakistan.  Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani,  from the institute of  Iraq. Haseenullah, from the institute of Pakistan.  Manzoor Ali Abro, from the institute of Pakistan. Muswar Ali Gadhi, from the institute of Pakistan. Naveed Wahid Awan, from the institute of Pakistan. and  Manzoor Ahmed Reki, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination. Entitled, Efficacy of different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger the causal agent of fruit rot in Pomegranate. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger the causal agent of fruit rot in pomegranate. The importance of survey and sampling were done and the pathogenicity test against Aspergillus niger was performed. The antifungal potential of different essential oils like Laung, Turpentine, Castus root, Neem, Gulab and Khashkhas was carried out at different doses i.e. 5% 10% and 15% find out the effective oil for the growth inhibition of Aspergillus niger effect of some fungicides viz., Melodyduo, Topsin-M, Prevail, Antracol, and Cabriotop against the causal pathogen by food poisoning method at 3 different concentration (100, 200, 300 ppm). Disease incidence was recorded in Killi Oryagi (40%) followed by Killi Murtath (20%), Killi Pattankot (18%) and Killi Zangiwal (14%). Minimum disease incidence was recorded in Killi Lashti (8%). Injection method of inoculation showed a higher percentage of rotting (7.0%) as compared to the cut method of inoculation (4.05%). Minimum colony growth of Aspergillus niger (0.10, 0.20 and 0.30%) examined Laung at the dosage Turpentine (57.33, 45.52 and 25.13%), Gulab (41.50, 35.50 and 29.50%), Castus root (65.57, 44.45 and 32.96%), Neem oil (45.00, 42.00 and 37.00%) Maximum colony growth of Aspergillus niger (49.00, 45.00 and 41.00%) was observed Minimum linear colony growth of Aspergillus niger as observed for Prevail (13.20, 4.72 and 0.25%) at various concentrations respectively followed by Topsin-M (28.50, 20.50 and 11.50%), Cabriotop (33.00, 26.50 and 13.50%), Antracol (49.84, 33.54 and 21.96%), Alliete (44.09, 32.65 and 22.83%) and maximum growth of fungus were determined under Melodyduo (57.16, 45.31 and 37.42%). The fungus growth was observed up to 90% under control.

Read more : Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination | InformativeBD 

Introduction 

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions. It belongs to the family Punicaceae the name pomegranate comes from a Latin word meaning apple with many seeds and is believed to the native of the middle East (Iran, Pakistan and adjoining countries) and spread to most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The yearly production of pomegranate in Pakistan is 50109 tons. Balochistan being the major producer counts for 65% of the entire production (Gross, 2007, da Silva et al., 2013). It believed to originate from the Middle East (Iran and adjoining countries) and spread to most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is widely cultivated in Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Spain, Afghanistan, and India and in some place of California, and Bulgaria. Approximately 7990 hactares land under pomegranate are cultivated in Balochistan during 2014-15, in Balochistan the main districts where pomegranate is cultivated are Loralai, Zhobe, Khuzdar, Kalat etc. (Aly et al., 2011). Pomegranate has a high medicinal value. Pomegranate seeds are used to make pomegranate seed oil, which has many positive health effects both internally and externally. It is a good source of vitamins B and C, antioxidant polyphenols, pantothenic acid and potassium and also reduces systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pomegranate fights against many diseases like cancer, heart diseases, fertility problems and improves immunity, cholesterol level, bone health, arteries and also improves the dryness of skin and hair (TomásBarberán et al., 2013)Pomegranate has been used for ages in many civilizations for the prevention and treatment of a varied number of health maladies such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, dental plaque, dysentery, and to fight malaria parasites and intestinal infections. It is an important source of bioactive compounds such as Ellagitannins and the Punicalagin (Bharani & Namasivayam, 2016). Pomegranate has been described by the Holy Quran as the fruit of heaven and has been mentioned twice. Local varieties of pomegranate grown in Balochistan are Red Kandhari, Zalari, Bedana, Metha Anar, Sofaid Anar and Khata Anar. Pomegranate is being attacked by several insect pests and diseases. The diseases included Alternaria fruit rot, Aspergillus fruit rot, Botrytris fruit rot, are the major limiting factors in terms of yield losses both qualitatively and quantitatively. Among the above-mentioned diseases, fruit rot of Pomegranate caused by Aspergillus niger is one of the major post-harvest infections in which it may cause considerable losses in some cases up to 94% to the pomegranate growers. In Pakistan, this disease invariably appears every year in the pomegranate orchards causing significant yield and quality losses. The disease is more severe in the rainy season and fruit symptoms appeared in two forms; spherical depressed spots occurred in the scattered form on the pericarp only and black rot restricted to internal fruit tissues. Worldwide fruit rot of pomegranate caused by fungi A. niger, Aspergillus spp., B. cinerea, C. gloeosporioides, P. versicolor, Penicillium spp., Nematospora spp., Coniella spp., S. racemosum, P. granati and Rhizopus spp. (Bardas et al., 2009, Jamadar et al., 2011, Mirabolfathy et al., 2012, Sharma & Jain, 1978, Snowdon, 1990, Thomidis & Exadaktylou, 2011, Hebert & Clayton, 1963) essential oils viz. Terpentine Cstos root oil khashkhasoil neem oil and (Mint)were tested on A. niger in vitro condition. All the essential oils significantly inhibited the radial mycelia growth of the test pathogen (A. niger). (Munhuweyi et al., 2016) Five fungicides viz., carbendazim (0.05%), mancozeb (0.25%), companion (0.25%), copper oxychloride (0.3%) and captan (0.3%) against fruit spot and rot diseases of pomegranate were conducted. Bio-control agents like Trichoderma viride and other biocontrol agents were evaluated against aspergillus niger causing fruit rot of pomegranate. For this purpose, dual culture technique was used (Jain & Desai, 2018).

Reference

Aly K, Shaukat SS, Mian S. 2011. Management of plant nematodes associated with pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) using oil-cakes in Balochistan, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Nematology 41, 1-3.

Bardas G, Tzelepis G, Lotos L, Karaoglanidis G. 2009. First report of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold of pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Greece. Plant disease 93, 1346.

Bharani RA, Namasivayam SKR. 2016. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract-A Study On Potential Source Of Pharmacological Activities. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 7, 282-90.

Cavanagh H, Wilkinson J. 2002. Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy research 16, 301-8.

Chami F, Chami N, Bennis S, Bouchikhi T, Remmal A. 2005. Oregano and clove essential oils induce surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 19, 405-8.

Da Silva JaT, Rana TS, Narzary D, Verma N, Meshram DT, Ranade SA. 2013. Pomegranate biology and biotechnology: a review. Scientia Horticulturae 160, 85-107.

Dorman H, Deans SG. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 308-16.

Gross PM. 2007. Superfruits take center state. NPI Center. Retrieved October 17, 2007.

Guynot M, Ramos A, Seto L, Purroy P, Sanchis V, Marin S. 2003. Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 893-9.

Hebert T, Clayton C.  1963. Pomegranate fruit rot caused by Coniella granati. Plant Disease Reporter 47, 222-3.

Inouye S, Tsuruoka T, Watanabe M. 2000. Inhibitory effect of essential oils on apical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus by vapour contact. Mycoses 43,  17-23.

Inouye S, Uchida K, Abe S. 2006. Vapor activity of 72 essential oils against a Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 12, 210-6.

Jain K, Desai N. 2018. Pomegranate the cash crop of India: a comprehensive review on agricultural practices and diseases. International J Health Science Res 8, 315-36.

Jamadar M, Jawadagi R, Sataraddi A, Patil D, Patil R. 2011. Status of pomegranate diseases of northern Karnataka in India. Acta horticulturae 890, 501-7.

Jeff-Agboola Y, Onifade A, Akinyele B, Osho I. 2012. In vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from Nigerian Medicinal Plants against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 4048-56.

Li Y, Gao F, Gao F, Shan F, Bian J, Zhao C, 2009. Study on the interaction between 3 flavonoid compounds and α‐amylase by fluorescence spectroscopy and enzymatic kinetics. Journal of Food Science 74, C199-C203.

Mirabolfathy M, Groenewald J, Crous P, 2012. First report of Pilidiella granati causing dieback and fruit rot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Iran. Plant Disease 96, 461.

Moller W, Devay J. 1968. Carrot as a species-selective isolation medium for Ceratocystis fimbriata. Phytopathology 58, 123-4.

Munhuweyi K, Lennox CL, Meitz-Hopkins JC, Caleb OJ, Opara UL. 2016. Major diseases of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), their causes and management—A review. Scientia Horticulturae 211, 126-39.

Pawar V, Thaker V. 2006. In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger. Mycoses 49, 316-23.

Pina‐Vaz C, Gonçalves Rodrigues A, Pinto E. 2004. Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 18, 73-8.

Pitt JI, Hocking AD. 1997. Aspergillus and related teleomorphs. In. Fungi and food spoilage. Springer, 339-416.

Rajendiran R, Jegadeeshkumar D, Sureshkumar B, Nisha T. 2010. In vitro assessment of antagonistic activity of Trichoderma viride against post harvest pathogens. Journal of Agricultural Technology 6, 31-5.

Remmal A, Bouchikhi T, Rhayour K, Ettayebi M, Tantaoui-Elaraki A. 1993. Improved method for the determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oils in agar medium. Journal of Essential Oil Research 5, 179-84.

Sabulal B, Dan M, Kurup R, Pradeep NS, Valsamma RK, George V. 2006. Caryophyllene-rich rhizome oil of Zingiber nimmonii from South India: Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry 67, 2469-73.

Sharma N, Jain A. 1978. Two new fruit rot diseases of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) caused by Coniella spp.[India]. Current Science (India).

Snowdon AL. 1990. A colour atlas of post-harvest diseases and disorders of fruits and vegetables.

Suhr KI, Nielsen PV. 2003. Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 665-74.

Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Beraoud L. 1994. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology: official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer 13, 67-72.

Thomidis T, Exadaktylou E. 2011. First report of Pilidiella granati on pomegranate with symptoms of crown rot in the prefecture of Xanthi, Greece. Plant disease 95, 79.

Tomás-Barberán FA, Ruiz D, Valero D. 2013. Health benefits from pomegranates and stone fruit, including plums, peaches, apricots and cherries. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods, 125-67.

Article source : Efficacy of different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger thecausal agent of fruit rot in Pomegranate