Standing Biomass and Litter-Fall Dynamics in Reforested Mangroves of Douala-Edea National Park, Cameroon | InformativeBD

Laurant Nyamsi-Moussian , Gordon N. Ajonina , Guillaume L. Essomè-Koum , Ernest F. Kottè-Mapoko , Boubakary , Alphonse Konango-Samè , Vanessa M. Ngo-Massou, Jean M. Emanè , and Ndongo Din, from the different institute of the Cameroon. wrote a research article about, Standing Biomass and Litter-Fall Dynamics in Reforested Mangroves of Douala-Edea National Park, Cameroon. entitled, Assessment of standing biomass and litter-fall production in reforested mangrove stands within Douala-Edea National Park (Cameroon). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Ecological restoration is considered like the practical and sustainable management option for degraded mangroves. The ecological status of reforested mangrove areas (RMAs) in Douala-Edea National Park (DENP) is not well understood, despite extensive restoration projects. This study aims to estimate standing biomass and litterfall production in three RMAs located in Bolondo and Yoyo II. In each RMA and it natural vegetation, five 10m × 10m permanent sampling plots (PSPs) were established. Thirty PSPs were established equally in RMAs and natural vegetation. Height and diameter measurements were recorded, and allometric equations were used to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB). In addition, 150 litter traps (1m × 1m) were evenly distributed across the PSPs to collect monthly litterfall, which was dried, sorted, and weighed. Mean abundances, diameters, and heights were: 4000±200 ind./ha, 1.2±0.5 cm, and 1.8±0.3 m; 3280±238.74 ind./ha, 2.58±0.85 cm, and 5.64±1.87 m; 2160±240.83 ind./ha, 2.93±1.4 cm, and 3.34±1.26 m for 3-year, 6-year and 11-year RMAs respectively. AGB, BGB, and annual litterfall biomass were: 11.98±0.76 kg/ha, 13.88±1.3 kg/ha, and 40.78±7.42 g/m²/year for 3-year RMAs; 61.18±2.16 kg/ha, 55.19±1.92 kg/ha, and 397.75±75.79 g/m²/year for 6-year RMAs; and 55.25±2.93 kg/ha, 47.8±1.31 kg/ha, and 576.23±106.75 g/m²/year for 11-year RMAs, respectively. These values correspond to approximately 12.31±2.19, 52.08±1.6, and 46.26±1.1 kgC/ha of total carbon sink and 18.27±3.48, 179.09±4.44, and 259.3±8.89 kgC/ha/year of total annual litterfall carbon sink. Although 6-year RMAs showed higher AGB and BGB than natural vegetation, the values remained lower overall. In contrast, 11-year RMAs exhibited higher annual litterfall production, indicating progress towards ecological balance.

Read more : Impact of Soil pH on Germination of Gmelina arborea Genetic Resources | InformativeBD

Introduction

Globally, mangroves cover an area of 137,000 km² (Spalding and Leal, 2021). These tropical coastal forest ecosystems are renowned for their high biomass productivity and carbon sequestration capacity (Alongi, 2011; Chowdhury et al., 2023). On average, a minimally disturbed mangrove sequesters 1087±584 MgC/ha (Sasmito et al., 2020). The conservation of mangroves is crucial for the wellbeing of local human communities and the fight against global warming (Din et al., 2016; Kathiresan et al., 2021).

However, mangroves are under threat from both natural and human-induced pressures, leading to a reduction in vegetation cover (Golberg et al., 2020; Emanè et al., 2021). Between 1996 and 2016, the rate of deforestation of mangroves was estimated at 4.3 % (Spalding and Leal, 2021). During the period of 2000- 2012, almost 1646 km² of the world's mangrove area disappeared. Along its western Atlantic coast, Cameroon has 1113 km² of mangroves (Hamilton and Casey, 2016). Over the last two decades, these mangroves have been subject to increased anthropisation, which has led to a considerable decrease in vegetation cover (Din et al., 2017). The mangroves in Douala-Edea National Park (DENP) are also affected by this issue. According to Ajonina and Usongo (2001), the annual regression rate of these mangroves was estimated to be 53 ha before 2000. Similarly, Findi and Wantim (2022) observed a regression rate of 58.38 % between 2011 and 2015 using satellite image analysis. For at least three decades, these mangroves have been the primary source of firewood used for smoking fish in various fishing camps and surrounding households (Ajonina, 2008).

In response to this ecological disaster, various options for mangrove conservation have been implemented worldwide, including restoration. Mangrove restoration refers to a set of human actions aimed at re-establishing ecological processes that accelerate the recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning, and biodiversity to levels typical of climax forest (Elliott et al., 2013). According to Worthington and Spalding (2018), over 190,147 km² of mangroves were restored globally by 2018. In Central Africa, Ajonina et al. (2016) reported that over 500 ha of degraded mangroves were reforested before 2017. Reforestation of degraded mangroves in Cameroon officially began in 2009 and continues to this day. In 2023, Planète-Urgence’s NGO implemented the planting of 40,000 seedlings in the mangroves of Bolondo fishing camp village located in DENP, with the involvement of governmental organizations and other partners (Planète-Urgence, 2023).

Mangrove restoration projects face numerous obstacles worldwide, often resulting in partial or complete failure (López-Portillo et al., 2017; Worthington and Spalding, 2018; Ellison et al., 2020; Lhosupasirirat et al., 2023). These failures not only cause ecological damage but also result in significant financial losses, with the average cost of restoring one hectare in Central Africa estimated at US$ 3200 (Ajonina et al., 2016). Lee et al. (2019) identified the absence of a comprehensive database for monitoring and assessment restoration projects as a major obstacle to mangrove restoration efforts.

There is a lack of information on the structure and functioning of restored mangrove areas along the African Atlantic coast (Zabbey and Tanee, 2016). To our knowledge, in Cameroon, there is only one specific study on mangrove restoration which is limited to determining the main abiotic factors that influence the growth of seedlings in nurseries (Boubakary et al., 2019). No published scientific study has yet been conducted on the monitoring and assessment of standing biomass and litterfall production of reforested mangrove areas in the DENP. However, quantifying the biomass of reforested areas would be crucial for safeguarding mangroves in the DENP and for improving climate change mitigation strategies (Malik et al., 2020). Furthermore, it is essential to incorporate the monitoring of objectively verifiable indicators of ecosystem functioning, such as litterfall production Globally, mangroves cover an area of 137,000 km² (Spalding and Leal, 2021). These tropical coastal forest ecosystems are renowned for their high biomass productivity and carbon sequestration capacity (Alongi, 2011; Chowdhury et al., 2023). On average, a minimally disturbed mangrove sequesters 1087±584 MgC/ha (Sasmito et al., 2020). The conservation of mangroves is crucial for the wellbeing of local human communities and the fight against global warming (Din et al., 2016; Kathiresan et al., 2021). However, mangroves are under threat from both natural and human-induced pressures, leading to a reduction in vegetation cover (Golberg et al., 2020; Emanè et al., 2021). Between 1996 and 2016, the rate of deforestation of mangroves was estimated at 4.3 % (Spalding and Leal, 2021). During the period of 2000- 2012, almost 1646 km² of the world's mangrove area disappeared. Along its western Atlantic coast, Cameroon has 1113 km² of mangroves (Hamilton and Casey, 2016). Over the last two decades, these mangroves have been subject to increased anthropisation, which has led to a considerable decrease in vegetation cover (Din et al., 2017). The mangroves in Douala-Edea National Park (DENP) are also affected by this issue. According to Ajonina and Usongo (2001), the annual regression rate of these mangroves was estimated to be 53 ha before 2000. Similarly, Findi and Wantim (2022) observed a regression rate of 58.38 % between 2011 and 2015 using satellite image analysis. For at least three decades, these mangroves have been the primary source of firewood used for smoking fish in various fishing camps and surrounding households (Ajonina, 2008). In response to this ecological disaster, various options for mangrove conservation have been implemented worldwide, including restoration. Mangrove restoration refers to a set of human actions aimed at re-establishing ecological processes that accelerate the recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning, and biodiversity to levels typical of climax forest (Elliott et al., 2013). According to Worthington and Spalding (2018), over 190,147 km² of mangroves were restored globally by 2018. In Central Africa, Ajonina et al. (2016) reported that over 500 ha of degraded mangroves were reforested before 2017. Reforestation of degraded mangroves in Cameroon officially began in 2009 and continues to this day. In 2023, Planète-Urgence’s NGO implemented the planting of 40,000 seedlings in the mangroves of Bolondo fishing camp village located in DENP, with the involvement of governmental organizations and other partners (Planète-Urgence, 2023). Mangrove restoration projects face numerous obstacles worldwide, often resulting in partial or complete failure (López-Portillo et al., 2017; Worthington and Spalding, 2018; Ellison et al., 2020; Lhosupasirirat et al., 2023). These failures not only cause ecological damage but also result in significant financial losses, with the average cost of restoring one hectare in Central Africa estimated at US$ 3200 (Ajonina et al., 2016). Lee et al. (2019) identified the absence of a comprehensive database for monitoring and assessment restoration projects as a major obstacle to mangrove restoration efforts. There is a lack of information on the structure and functioning of restored mangrove areas along the African Atlantic coast (Zabbey and Tanee, 2016). To our knowledge, in Cameroon, there is only one specific study on mangrove restoration which is limited to determining the main abiotic factors that influence the growth of seedlings in nurseries (Boubakary et al., 2019). No published scientific study has yet been conducted on the monitoring and assessment of standing biomass and litterfall production of reforested mangrove areas in the DENP. However, quantifying the biomass of reforested areas would be crucial for safeguarding mangroves in the DENP and for improving climate change mitigation strategies (Malik et al., 2020). Furthermore, it is essential to incorporate the monitoring of objectively verifiable indicators of ecosystem functioning, such as litterfall production

Reference

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Source : Assessment of standing biomass and litter-fall production in reforested mangrove stands within Douala-Edea National Park (Cameroon)

   

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Impact of Soil pH on Germination of Gmelina arborea Genetic Resources | InformativeBD

Ma Visitacion D Guingab, and Josamay I Baňares,  from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Impact of Soil pH on Germination of Gmelina arborea Genetic Resources. Entitled, Germination response of ten genetic resource materials of Gmelina arborea Roxb. to soil pH. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study was conducted to determine the germination response of ten genetic resource materials of yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) to acidic and alkaline soil germination media. Results of the study reveal significant differences between two germination media and between 10 mother trees on germination capacity and germination energy. However, there was no interactive effect observed between soil pH levels and mother trees in all aspects of the germination parameters. Acidic soil (pH 6.8) outperformed alkaline soil (pH 7.5) in percent germination (49.4% and 44.40%, respectively) and germination energy (43% and 42%, respectively) but no significant differences on the latter parameter. Germination time is significantly different between two germination media with the lowest germination time of 16 days in alkaline soil and 19 days in acidic soil. The best genetic resource materials for yemane in terms of percent germination capacity and germination energy were Mother Tree 4 (80%) and Mother Tree 3 (78%). On the other hand, the fastest to germinate was Mother Tree 10 with 13.8 days germination time. The information provided contributes to the scanty scientific knowledge on the silviculture of Gmelina arborea Roxb. specifically in establishing a protocol for seed germination.

 

Read more : Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively | InformativeBD

Introduction

Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Fig. 1) locally known as Yemane is an introduced tree species originated from Myanmar to the Philippines in the 1960’s particularly in Nueva Vizcaya Province of Luzon Island. It is believed to have diffused to the adjacent provinces in the north to Visayas and Mindanao Islands in the south. The fast-growing species is being used for the national greening program, industrial tree plantations and other reforestation programs in the country.

The high demand for wood and wood products in the country had increased in recent years and industrial tree plantations were established to augment the supply of these materials to fulfill domestic needs. The introduction of exotic species is a fall back to conserve the remaining commercial indigenous species that are threatened due to rampant illegal logging activities. In the case of yemane, the availability of seed sources was considered to be generally poor in quality and quantity to support large-scale industrial tree plantations and reforestation programs. Neither is efforts made on species and provenance testing sufficient to fulfill future demands. Good nursery techniques require careful attention to details especially from seed sources and pre-seed treatment towards plant growth and development.

In this study, the effect of soil pH on the germination of ten mother trees of yemane was investigated to establish a protocol for the propagation of the species. Specifically, it aimed a) to determine the best germination media for yemane, and b) to determine the best genetic resource material for seedling production. The parameters used were germination capacity, germination energy and mean germination time.

Reference

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Deska J, Jankowski K, Bombic J. 2011. The effect of growing medium pH on germination and initial development of some grassland plants. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 10(4), 45-56.

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Jankowski K, Deska J, Jodelka J, Ciepiela A. 2000. Effect of concentration of manganese ions on the initial growth and development of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis. Zesz.Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 471, 291-296.

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Source : Germination response of ten genetic resource materials of Gmelina arborea Roxb. to soil pH

  

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Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively | InformativeBD

Aparna Ravi, and M. Thankavel,  from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively. entitled, Bacteriocin and its effect against skin pathogens. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on microbiology . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This  paper  aims  to  examine  the  isolation  of  Lactobacillus  from  dairy  products  (milk, curd,  and  yogurt),  extraction  of  Bacteriocin  from  it  as  well  as  to  determine  their inhibitory  effect  against  few  fungal  skin  pathogens  and  bacterial  skin  pathogens  such as:  Candida albicans,  Aspergillus sp.,  Malassezia sp.,  Fusarium sp.,  and  Penicillium sp., Staphylococcus aureus,  Streptococcus pyogens,  Klebsiella sp.  The antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus sp.  is  mainly  due  to  the  bacteriocin  present  in  it,  therefore  in  this  study, the  bacteriocin  is  extracted  and  checked  against  the  indicated  microorganisms.  Kirby Bauer  Disc  Diffussion  method  is  used  and  zone  of  clearance  is  observed  around  the pathogenic  species  indicating  that  they  shows  some  kind  of  antagonistic  activities  which are  further  measured  and  noted,  which  gives  a  clear  picture  about  the  degree  of  resistance  of  bacteriocin  against  the  pathogenic  microorganisms.

Read more : Integrated Management Strategies for Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt in Soybean | InformativeBD

Introduction

Skin is an important organ that represents the first line of defense against the external environment. Some microorganisms are pathogenic but some are usually present on the skin does not causing damages but during adverse condition like immunosuppressant phases the organisms develop infections in the host (Hall and Dorsch, 2002). Some of such cases like; Primary cutaneous aspergillosis usually involves site of injury, at or near intravenous catheter sites, occlusive dressings, burns, or surgery (Walsh and Groll, 1999). Secondary infections infect the underlying structures or from wide spread blood borne seeding of the skin. Superficial infections including keratitis, otomycosis are commonly caused by Penicillium sp., Malassezia sp. are another example of normal skin flora colonizes as commensals and during adverse conditions develops diseases at the head, neck dermatitis, and malassezia folliculitis (Gupta and Kohli, 2004).

Fusarium sp. Causes infections in patients in conditions like hematologic malignant or bone marrow transplant (Nucci and Anaissie, 2007). Candida nail infections occur in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans, they invade the entire nail plates (Kirkpatrick, 2001). Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacterial skin infections namely, abscesses in boils, furuncles, Cellulitis (Prendiville, 1989). Streptococcus pyogens are also bacterial species causing infections in the superficial keratin layer called impetigo, the superficial epidermis layer-erysipelas, the subcutaneous tissue layer-cellulitis, fascia called necrotizing fasciitis or in the muscle-myositis, myonecrosis (Stevens and Bryant, 2017). Klebsiella causes surgical wound infections, they usually enters through break in the skin and gradually leads to soft tissue infections (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005).

Balanced skin is crucial for maintaining healthy skin functioning; but changes in the skin microbes are associated with skin diseases such as those caused by Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Malassezia furfur, Fusarium, Penicillium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, and Klebsiella sp. Lactobacilli are probiotic belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria; they are Gram-positive, non-sporulating, anaerobic or facultative anaerobic rods. They are commonly present in dairy products, soil, lakes, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. They possess antagonistic activity against various pathogenic microorganisms (Salminen et al., 2004). In the present study, the Lactobacillus sp. from dairy products like milk, curd, and yogurt are isolated; then bacteriocin is extracted from it and checked their efficacy against fungal and bacterial pathogens using the technique of Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method (Aasen and Moretro, 2018). Bacteriocins are low molecular weight peptides secreted by the bacterial cells to kill sensitive cells present in the same ecosystem competing for food and other nutrients. Bacteriocins, along with their native antibacterial property, also exhibit additional antiviral and antifungal properties nowadays (Riley and Wertz, 2002). The dairy samples (milk, curd, yogurt) were collected in sterile containers from different places of Vandithavalam, Palakkad, Kerala. The samples were analyzed microbiologically, identified, and confirmed by biochemical tests. The study aimed to extract bacteriocin from Lactobacillus sp. and to see whether its effect against the mentioned microorganism.

 Reference

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 Source : Bacteriocin and its effect against skin pathogens

  

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Integrated Management Strategies for Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt in Soybean | InformativeBD

M. Tahmidur Rahman, M. Tanbir Rubayet , Abu Ashraf Khan, and M. Khurshed Alam Bhuiyan,  from the different institute of the Bangladesh. wrote a research article about, Integrated Management Strategies for Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt in Soybean. Entitled, Integrated management of fusarium root rot and wilt disease of soybean caused by Fusarium oxysporum. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

An attempt was taken for the management of Fusarium root rot and wilt disease of soybean caused by Fusarium oxysporum using the integration of bio-agent with fungicide and organic amendment. Before going to the field experiments, different in vitro trials were conducted to select a virulent isolate of F. oxysporum, an effective antagonistic isolate of Trichderma harzianum, suitable fungicide and organic amendment. Among the seven isolates of F. oxysporum, FOS-3 isolate was selected as a tested pathogen by the pathogenicity test. On the contrary, among the eighty-seven isolates of T. harzianum, ISR-26 isolate showed the highest (78.70%) inhibition of radial growth of test pathogen. In the case of fungicidal evaluation trial, Provax 200WP was found the most effective fungicide at the lowest conc. (75 ppm) for inhibiting the radial growth of F. oxysporum isolate FOS-3. Additionally, in vitro trial of different organic amendments, mustard oil cake was found the most effective organic amendment for reducing the growth and development of test pathogen at 3% concentration level. In the field trial, integrated use of T. harzianum with Provax 200WP and mustard oil cake under the treatment T9 has appeared the best treatment in reducing seedling mortality (77.67%), disease incidence (81.88%) as well as disease severity (87.51%) caused by the test pathogen. Moreover, treatment T9 was not only the best treatment for the management of soybean disease but also increased the significant quantity of yield (2.25 tha-1). 

Read more : Physicochemical Assessment and Fish Identification in Binday Dam, San Fabian, Pangasinan | InformativeBD

Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important oilseeds crop all over the world. Nowadays, it’s becoming a popular winter crop in Bangladesh. In 2017, the total soybean production in Bangladesh was about 97000 tons (Anon, 2018). There are several factors attributed to the low production of soybean such as climatic conditions, differences in rainfall patterns, an outbreak of diseases and pests etc. Among these factors, plant diseases play a major role in the yield reduction of soybean. More than hundreds of pathogens are known to affect soybean where sixty-six fungi, six bacteria, eight viruses and seven nematodes (Sinclair, 1978).

F. oxysporum is one of the most destructive seedborne as well as soil-borne fungus which can cause root rot and wilt disease of soybean. When F. oxysporum attacks the soybean plant, the lower taproot and lateral roots become brown to black and show cortical decay or prominent vascular discoloration. Finally, the lateral roots may also die and decompose. In the meantime, secondary roots may develop on the upper taproot of the plant. If root rot becomes severe, infected soybeans may develop foliar symptoms including marginal or whole leaf chlorosis, stunting, wilting and finally leaves defoliation. However, the management of this pathogen is difficult because of its long persistence in soil and wide host range. Some chemical fungicides are effective against this fungus but these chemicals are expensive and harmful for living things as well as the environment (Abdel-Monaim et al., 2011). The green revolution has led to intensified agriculture to meet the ever-increasing demands for food and fiber, which is practiced at great cost to the environment, resulting in continuous damage of natural ecosystems, groundwater and food-stuff pollution and other environmental degradation. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in modern agriculture has resulted in the development of several problems such as pesticide resistance in pests, the resurgence of target and non-target pests, destruction of beneficial organisms like honey bees, and chemical residues in food, feed and fodder. However, a few studies have been done on the management of fusarium root rot and wilt disease of soybean but there is no report on integrated management of the above-mentioned disease of soybean in Bangladesh. Considering the aforesaid facts, the present research was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated disease management strategies consisted of bio-agent, fungicide and organic amendment against Fusarium root rot and wilt disease of soybean caused by F. oxysporum.

Reference

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Source : Integrated management of fusarium root rot and wilt disease of soybean caused by Fusarium oxysporum

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Physicochemical Assessment and Fish Identification in Binday Dam, San Fabian, Pangasinan | InformativeBD

Marjorie V. Soriano, Jechelle G. Cadion, Francine Jyla T. Dela Cruz, Mary Lovelen L. Tumampo, and Beatriz E. Aspiras, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Physicochemical Assessment and Fish Identification in Binday Dam, San Fabian, Pangasinan. entitled, Assessment of physicochemical parameters with fish identification in selected water areas in Binday Dam, San Fabian, Pangasinan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The indiscriminate discharge of sewage, industrial, and a variety of water from human activities progressively alters and pollutes reservoir water. Investigation of the physicochemical in the water of Binday dam showed a fluctuation of phosphate during the months of October, November, and December. Similarly, low temperature was recorded in the months of September and December and nitrite increased during the month of December which failed to meet the Class C waters. Dissolved Oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids meet the standard measurement. Significant differences in physicochemical parameters were recorded between upstream and downstream during the months of September, October, November, and December except for DO, BOD, and EC. Fish identifications are exclusively found in the upstream and downstream namely, Oreochromis niloticus, Channa striata, Clarias gariepinus, Yanica hyalosoma, Carangidae sp., Glossogobius sp., and Glossogobius circumspectus classified as native species, and Sarotherodon melatheron and Gambusia affinis classified as invasive species. Fish distribution revealed that Carangidae sp. only thrives in the upstream whereas Gambusia affinis are exclusively found in the downstream.

Read more : Impact of Salinity Stress on Growth and Biomass Allocation of Vernonia hymenolepis in NPK-Amended Screenhouse Soil | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Water satisfies humans, communities, animals, and all biotics. It also serves to be the fundamental requirement to provide an essential advantage of services such as the production of electricity, manipulating floods, and production of water supplies (Jéquier & Constant, 2010). Water contributes to the restoration of a more natural flow regime in rivers, creeks, and wetlands as well as the maintenance of a healthy, productive, and resilient river system. Although the country has abundant water resources, usable water is becoming scarce due to contamination and its physicochemical factors partly responsible in maintaining water quality (Angagao et al., 2017). 

Since most living species require water for survival, water quality analysis is vital in assessing its current state and may be used for the maintenance of dependable and safe water supplies, thereby reducing numerous potential health hazards associated with it. Primarily, water contamination may take effect in terms of fish deaths, major hazard diseases to its consumers, and the impact on other marine organisms (Environmental Protection Agency, 2021). Hence, water quality analysis can be used to determine the root causes of such contamination and alternatively formulate sustainable solutions for water source monitoring, community awareness, healthrelated problems, and effect to the economy (Son et al., 2020). In addition, evaluating water quality may also help secure the safety of multiple species, including humans and animals. Thus, it is essential to determine water composition to elucidate whether it is safe (Batil et al., 2012).

According to Bhateria and Jain (2016), it is necessary to test the water before using it for household, agricultural or industrial purposes. Notably, a variety of physicochemical parameters are used to efficiently assess water quality. These include physical parameters like water temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and chemical parameters like pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate and nitrite. These parameters have been understood to influence the rate of all chemical reactions in the established systems in aquatic environments.

The Binday dam is situated along the borders of several barangays in San Fabian, Pangasinan which includes Colisao, Ambalangan Dalin, Anonang, Santa Cruz, Casanfernandoan, and Bolanay. The Binday dam supplies water sources in different barangay such as Palapad, Anonang, Aramal and Mabilao, as well as to the municipality of San Jacinto and Manaoag. The areas are characterized by agricultural fields, residential and industrial domestic animals. Farming, fishing, and livestock are the common livelihood source of the people. The water from this dam is a tributary from another water system called the Bued River through a canal leading to the North side of the river as it flows in the direction of the sea from the mountains of Benguet (Lubrica, 2013).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the water in Binday Dam, including temperature, pH, DO, BOD, TDS, EC, phosphate, and nitrite. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify and classify fishes in terms of their distribution status. Importantly, this research study will greatly benefit the community in terms of their ecological and agricultural purposes. Lastly, it will also provide data information regarding water quality in Binday dam.

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Source : Assessment of physicochemical parameters with fish identification in selected water areas in Binday Dam, San Fabian, Pangasinan

  

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