Antimicrobial Potential of Ethanolic Fruit Extracts from Terminalia pallida | InformativeBD

S. Veni Madhavi, P. Ramesh, D. Sudheer Kumar, and B. Kiran Kumar, from the different institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Antimicrobial Potential of Ethanolic Fruit Extracts from Terminalia pallida. Entitled, Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic fruit extracts of Terminalia pallida Brandis.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Terminalia pallida has been traditionally used to treat cough, cold, diarrhea, respiratory infections, peptic ulcers, diabetes, fissures, cracks, skin diseases and used in the tanning and dyeing industries. Owing to its bioactive compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of T. pallida fruit extracts against various microbial strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and zone of inhibition measurements against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The MIC indicated that S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli were sensitive to the extract at 12.5 mg/ml. However, E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa required higher concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/ml, respectively, to inhibit growth. For fungal strains, MIC was observed as 25 mg/ml. The zone of inhibition studies confirmed these findings, showing significant inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria at both low and high doses of the extract. P. aeruginosa exhibited moderate sensitivity at the high dose, while E. coli and E. aerogenes showed resistance. In fungal strains, C. albicans was found to be more sensitive than A. niger. Ethanolic fruit extract of T. pallida demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, with dose-dependent efficacy. Further research is needed to optimize the concentrations and explore mechanisms to enhance the activity against resistant Gram-negative strains.

Read more : Physico-Chemical Analysis of Lake Soil for Environmental Management | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Plants have traditionally been used to treat various infections, and modern research has validated the antimicrobial properties of many plant species. Herbal medicine is a promising alternative for combating infectious diseases (Chaughule and Barve, 2024; Singamaneni et al., 2020). The genus Terminalia, which comprises various species, has demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties that have been extensively explored in numerous studies (McGaw et al., 2001). Extracts from Terminalia species have shown effectiveness against different pathogens, including multiple microbes such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses (Fyhrquist et al., 2014). The literature on Terminalia species shows significant antimicrobial properties, especially in T. ferdinandiana, T. bellarica, and T. chebula, against drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi such as Candida (Konczak, 2014). These properties are attributed to bioactive compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, found in various plant parts. Therefore, we hypothesized that T. pallida fruits which are used as a substitute for T. chebula, may exhibit similar antimicrobial effects. This hypothesis justifies screening T. pallida fruits for antimicrobial activity, potentially contributing to new, natural treatments for resistant infections (Dwivedi, 2007; Gurib-Fakim, 1994; Kesharwani et al., 2017; Latheef, 2007).

Terminalia pallida Brandis, commonly known as the pale-leaved Terminalia, is a prominent species of the Combretaceae family. T. pallida is native to the arid and semi-arid regions of South India, particularly Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (Anonymous, 1976). It is a semi-evergreen tree that grows to a height of 40 feet. It is endemic to the Eastern Ghats, particularly on the hilltops of dry deciduous forests. This species is mainly found in Chittoor and Kadapa districts (Kameswara Rao, 2003). The tree leaves are thick, simple, alternate, ovate to elliptic pale green leaves and their flowers are pale yellow, appearing as simple terminal and axillary spikes. The fruits were glossy, light green and faintly ridged when dry. T. pallida have a generation age of 29 years (Gupta, 2002). According to the IUCN Red List, the number of T. pallida is decreasing in the wild, and it has been given a vulnerable status and is recognized for its potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties (Dokuparthi et al., 2014; Sarvan Kumar et al., 2021).

Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant global health burden, with diseases caused by Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Candida leading to high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2008). Despite advances in modern medicine, including the development of vaccines and antibiotics, challenges remain owing to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens and limited access to healthcare (WHO, 2012). Current treatment options for infectious diseases often rely on antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals; however, the overuse and misuse of these drugs have led to increasing resistance, rendering some treatments ineffective. Additionally, the rapid pace of urbanization, climate change, and increased global connectivity have facilitated the spread of infectious diseases, creating new challenges for global public health systems (Prestinaci, 2015). The objective of this research is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Terminalia pallida fruit extracts against various bacterial and fungal strains. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and assess the zone of inhibition for these strains, with particular interest in optimizing concentrations to enhance efficacy against microbes and understanding the potential of T. pallida as an antimicrobial agent.

Reference

Chaughule RS, Barve RS. 2024. Role of herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. Vegetos 37, 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42535-022-00549-2

Singamaneni V, Dokuparthi SK, Banerjee N, Kumar A, Chakrabarti T. 2020. Phytochemical Investigation and Antimutagenic Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellarica. NPJ 10(4), 488–94.

McGaw LJ, Rabe T, Sparg SG, Jäger AK, Eloff JN, Van Staden J. 2001. An investigation on the biological activity of Combretum species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75, 45–50.

Fyhrquist P, Laakso I, Marco SG, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Hiltunen RS. 2014. Ethnobotanical and antimicrobial investigation on some species of Terminalia and Combretum (Combretaceae) growing in Tanzania. African Journal of Botany 90, 1–16.

Konczak I, Maillot F, Dalar A. 2014. Phytochemical divergence in 45 accessions of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum). Food Chem 151, 248–56.

Dwivedi S. 2007. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn. a useful drug for cardiovascular disorders. J Ethnopharmacol 114, 114–29.

Gurib-Fakim A. 1994. Essential Oil of Terminalia bentzoë (L.) L. f. subsp. rodriguesensis Wickens. J Essent Oil Res 6, 533–4.

Kesharwani A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Agarwal A, Mishra NN, Gupta SK. 2017. Anti-HSV-2 activity of Terminalia chebula Retz extract and its constituents, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. BMC Complementary Medicine 17, 110.

Latheef SK. 2008. A data on endemic plants at  Tirumala hills in India. Bio-Information 2(6), 260–2.

Anonymous. 1976. The wealth of India, Raw materials, X, S-W, publication and information. Directorate CSIR, New Delhi.

Kameswara Rao B, Renuka Sudarshan P, Rajasekhar MD, Nagaraju N, Appa Rao CH. 2003. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia pallida fruit in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 85(1), 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00396-3.

Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Manikandan L, Bhattacharya S, Haldar PK, Roy S. 2002. Antibacterial activity of Terminalia pallida. Fitoterapia 73(2), 165–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00006-0.

Dokuparthi SK, Banerjee N, Kumar A, Singamaneni V, Giri AK, Mukhopadhyay S. 2014. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antimutagenic activity of the extract of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. by Ames test. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 5(8), 3430–4.

 

Sarvan Kumar G, Narender M, Umasankar K, Koteswar Rao GSN, Anka Rao A, Sadhana N. 2021. Phytochemical investigation and In vitro Thrombolytic activity of Terminalia pallida leaves. Res J Pharm Tech 14(2), 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00156.6.

World Health Assembly. 2008. International Health Regulations. 2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. 2012. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance. Options for action. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. 2015. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health 109(7), 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030.

Sanagala VM, Porika R, Edupuganti S, Dokuparthi SK, Biman KK. 2024. Molecular Docking Evaluation of Phytochemicals in Fruits of Terminalia pallida: Implication on Immunomodulation. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 8(5), 7106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v8i5.9

Dokuparthi SK, Reddy TRM. 2021. Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Activity of Flavonoid Rich Fraction of Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thw. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 13(4), 384–94.

Kowalska-Krochmal B, Dudek-Wicher R. 2021. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens 10(2), 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020165.

Elshikh M, Ahmed S, Funston S, Dunlop P, McGaw M, Marchant R, Banat IM. 2016. Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants. Biotechnol Lett 38, 1015–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-016-2079-2.

Manandhar S, Luitel S, Dahal RK. 2019. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Tropical Medicine 1895340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1895340.

Eloff JN. 1998. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Medica 64(8), 711–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957563.

Al Aboody MS, Mickymaray S. 2020. Anti-fungal efficacy and mechanisms of flavonoids. Antibiotics 9(2), 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020045.

Source: Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic fruit extracts of Terminalia pallida Brandis 

Read More

Green Synthesis: Silver Nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera | InformativeBD

Jayaprakash Kuzhandaivel , Balamurugan Vadivel and Rajasekar Aruliah from the different institute of the india, wrote a research article about Green Synthesis: Silver Nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera, entitled, Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera gum: a green synthesis approach. This research paper published by the  International Journal of Biosciences| IJB an open access scholarly research journal on Bioscience, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Plant gums have enormous medicinal potential and have been used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. In the present investigation, Moringa oleifera gum (MOG) was collected, and its physical properties and phytochemical composition were investigated. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced, and characterization was carried out using UV spectroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, the standard method was used for the antioxidant assay and the antimicrobial test. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have irregular shapes and no fixed geometry. The agglomerate shape resembles that of pebble-like structures. UV‒vis analysis proved the wavelength of the sample to be 350–470 nm. In antioxidant studies, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity values ranging from 21.15 ± 0.017 to 63.46± 0.03 g/mL at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 g/mL. In an antimicrobial experiment, the maximum incubation zone was 18 mm by 100 µL of AgNPs synthesized from M. oleifera gum extract against S. typhi. P. aeruginosa expressed a 16 mm zone of incubation at 100 µL of AgNPs synthesized from M. oleifera gum. According to the findings of this study, AgNPs derived from M. oleifera gum can be employed as a lead chemical in the creation of an effective antimicrobial drug for the treatment of microbial infections. This research establishes the foundation for synthesizing AgNPs from M. oleifera gum and its powerful novel pharmacological applications.

 

Read more:  Assessing Carbosulfan's Neuro-genotoxic Impact on Carp Fish | InformativeBD

Introduction

Plant gums have tremendous therapeutic importance in pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, lotions, suspensions, syrups, and ointments. Plant gums are made of polysaccharides that can be used in various formulations and chemical changes to improve their properties [H Zaigham et al., 2019;].Researchers are actively attempting to develop a wide range of novel synthetic and semisynthetic compounds from natural resources that are incredibly beneficial to humans and animals.

The bioactive compounds derived from plant gum can be extracted using current technological advances. Moringa oleifera is a widely distributed plant species used for medicinal purposes. oleifera comes under the Moringaceae family and is fast-growing, droughttolerant, and readily adapted to various habitats and agricultural systems. The plant is native to northeastern India and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions [SJS Flora and V Pachauri,2011;]. In the Indian vegetable industry, it holds adistinct and coherent stance. M. oleifera has been used as a food additive because of its high nutritional content and easy digestion of proteins, minerals, vitamins, and carotenoids [JW Fahey,2005; K Maheshwari et al., 2014; J Mehta et al.,2011].

Pharmaceuticals based on metals, polymers, liposomes, and oxide nanoparticles are being researched for their therapeutic potential in many diseases, including cancer [O C Farokhzad et al.,2006;]. Metal nanoparticle synthesis has emerged a san essential branch of nanotechnology, with a growing commercial demand for NPs due to their numerous applications. Researchers have been interested in AgNPs because of their unique properties. In this research, AgNPs have been characterized as antibacterial agents. Silver 'santibacterial action is magnified in the form of NPsdue to the increased number of NPs per unit area(increase in area/surface/volume ratio) [M Araujo etal., 2020;]. In the present investigation, Moringaoleifera gum (MOG) was collected, and its physical properties and phytochemical composition were analyzed. The green production and characterization of AgNPs from M. oleifera gum were then carried out utilizing UV-spectroscopic analysis and SEM. Several studies have reported that M. oleifera plant parts suchas leaves, stems, and seeds have shown suitable antibacterial activities [S Gupta et al., 2018;].However, because there has been no previous research on M. oleifera gum, the current work focuses on the antimicrobial characteristics of AgNPs generated from M. oleifera gum.

Reference

Zaigham H, Tauheed A, Ali A. 2019. Recent trend in traditional medicine dosage form and present status of Unani and Ayurvedic Medicine. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 10(4), 1640-1649.

Flora SJS, Pachauri V. 2011.Moringa (Moringaoleifera) seed extract and the prevention of oxidative stress. In: Preedy, VR, Watson, RR, Patel, VB. (Eds.), Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press, San Diego 92, 775–785.

Fahey JW. 2005. Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1. Trees Life J 1, 15.

Maheshwari K, Yadav RK, Malhotra J, Dhawan NG, Mohan L. 2014. Fascinating Nutritional, Prophylactic, Therapeutic and Socio-Economic Reconcile Attributable to Drum Stick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Global journal of medical research. Pharma, Drug Discovery, Toxicology & Medicine 14, 11-22.

Mehta J, Shukla A, Bukhariya V, Charde R, 2011. The Magic Remedy of Moringaoliferia: An Overview. International Journal of Biomedical and advance research 2, 215-227.

Farokhzad OC, Cheng JJ, Teply BA, Sherifi I, Jon S, Kantoff PW, Richie JP, Langer R. 2006. Targeted nanoparticle aptamerbioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 6315–6320.

Araujo M, Moises das Virgens Santana, Antonio do Nascimento Cavalcante, Livio Cesar Cunha Nunes, Luiz Carlos Bertolino, Carla Adriana Rodrigues de Sousa Brito, Humberto Medeiros Barreto, Carla Eiras. 2020. Cashew-gum-based silver nanoparticles and palygorskite as green nanocomposites for antibacterial applications. Materials Science & Engineering C. 115, 110927.

Gupta S, Rohit J, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL. 2018. Nutritional and medicinal applications of Moringa oleifera Lam.—Review of current status and future possibilities. Journal of Herbal Medicine 11, 1-11.

Kumar RS, Renuka R. 2019. Isolation and Characterization of Moringa olifera Gum: A Novel Sustained Release Polymer. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics 9(3), 484-486.

Jarald EE, Sharma Sumati, Sheeja Edwin, Ahmad S, Patni S, Daud A. 2012. Characterization of Moringa oleifera Lam. Gum to establish it as a Pharmaceutical Excipient. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 46(3).

Harborne JB. 1998. Textbook of Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 5th Edition, Chapman and Hall Ltd, London 21, 72.

Kokate CK. 2005. Pharmacognosy” edition thirtieth published by Nirali Prakashan Pune 181, 186.

Shanmugavel G, Prabakaran K, George. 2018. B Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera (lam.) Leaves collected from Puducherry region, South India, International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 3(1).

Chrzczanowicz J, Gawron A, Zwolinska A, de Graft-Johnson J, Krajewski W, Krol M, Markowski J, Kostka T, Nowak D. 2008. Simple method for determining human serum 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity–possible application in clinical studies on dietary antioxidants. Clinical Chemical Laboratory Medicine 46(3), 342-349 p.

Narenkumar J, Parthipan P, Madhavan J, Murugan K, Marpu SB, Suresh AK, Rajasekar A. 2018. Bioengineered silver nanoparticles as potent anti-corrosive inhibitor for mild steel in cooling towers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(6), 5412-5420 p.

Panda D, Si S, Swain S, Kanungo SK, Gupta R. 2006. Preparation and evaluation of gels from the gum of Moringa oleifera. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 68(6), 777780.

M Dekker. 2002. “Edward MR: Modern Pharmaceutics”. New York. 287, 298.

Nep EI, Conway BR. 2010. Characterization of Grewia gum, a potential pharmaceutical excipient. Journal of Excipients and Food Chemicals 1, 30–40.

Somboonpanyakul P, Wang Q, Cui W, Barbut S, Jantawat P. 2006.Malva nut gum.(Part I): Extraction and physicochemical characterization. Carbohydr. Polym 64, 247–253.

Vinod VTP, Sashidhar RB, Suresh K I, Rao B R, Saradhi UVR, Rao TP. 2008. Morphological, Physico-chemical and structural characterization of gum kondagogu (Cochlospermumgossypium): A tree gum from India. Food Hydrocolloids 22, 899–915.

Nussinovitch A. 2009. Plant gum exudates of the world: sources, distribution, properties, and applications. CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420052244.

Mohammed FAA. 2015. Antioxidants composition of moringa (Moringa oleifera lam) in different plant organs (Doctoral dissertation).

Abdulkarim SM, Long K, Lai OM, Muhammad SKS, Ghazali HM. 2005. Some Physico-chemical properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods, Food Chemistry 93, 253–263.

Aviara NA, Power PP, Abbas T. 2013. Moisture-dependent physical properties of Moringa oleifera seed relevant in bulk handling and mechanical processing. Industrial Crops and Products 42, 96–104.

Mohsenin NN. 1986. Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. Taylor and Francis, New York.

Goldstein IJ, Hay GW, Lewis BA, Smith F. 1965. Controlled Degradation of Polysaccharides by Periodate Oxidation, Reduction, and Hydrolysis, in Methods In Carbohydrate Chemistry, ed. R L Whistler, J  N  BeMiller and M  L  Wolfrom, Academic Press, New York. 5, 361–370.

Raja W, Bera K, Ray B. 2016. Polysaccharides from Moringaoleifera gum: structural elements, interaction with β-lactoglobulin and antioxidative activity. RSC Advances 6(79), 75699–75706.

Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2003.Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Total Phenolic Constituents from Three Different Agroclimatic Origins of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Leaves, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(8), 2144–2155.

Luqman S, Srivastava S, Kumar R,  Maurya AD,  Chanda D. 2012. Experimental Assessment of Moringa oleifera Leaf and Fruit for Its Antistress, Antioxidant, and Scavenging Potential Using In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine:e CAM, 519084.

Devendra BN, Srinivas N, Prasad VSSL. Talluri Warna Latha PS. 2011. Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera lam., leaf extract, against selected bacterial and fungal strains, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(3), 13-18.

Elgamily H, Moussa A, Elboraey A,  El-Sayed H, Al-Moghazy M, Abdalla A. 2016. Microbiological Assessment of Moringa oleifera Extracts and Its Incorporation in Novel Dental Remedies against Some Oral Pathogens. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences 4, 585–590.

Oluduro AO. 2012. Evaluation of Antimicrobial properties and nutritional potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf in South-Western Nigeria, Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 8(2), 59-67.

Source: Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera gum: agreen synthesis approach 

Read More

Thyme: Exploring Health Benefits for a Better Lifestyle | InformativeBD

Abdus Samee , Rai Muhammad Amir , Asif Ahmad , Mudasir Ali , Hira Malik , Ibrahim Jamil , Haya Fatima , and Zunaira Zahoor from the different institute of the pakistan wrote a review article about Thyme: Exploring Health Benefits for a Better Lifestyle, entitled," A review on health effects of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on human lifestyle" This research paper published by the International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine| IJBB an open access scholarly research journal on Biomedicine, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Thyme is a perennial aromatic herbaceous plant for medicinal, culinary, and for ornamental purposes. Thymus vulgaris is the most prevalent species. Thyme is a member of the genus, Thymus, of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Thyme leaves are one of the richest sources of metallic elements, iron, calcium, manganese, metallic element, and antioxidants. Phenols are the main synthetic resin element that is primarily blamed for antioxidant activity. The oil of thyme, the oil of Thymus vulgaris (Thymus vulgaris), contains 20-50% thymol, thymol is one of all naturally occurring categories of compounds referred to as biocides, substances that will destroy harmful organisms. Prior to the introduction of modern antibiotics, thyme oil was used to treat bandages. Thyme has chemical constituents like Thymol, carvacrol, linalool, apigenin, eugenol, and Rosmarinic acid has antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiallergic, antimutant, antioxidative properties. Thyme is packed with antioxidants, vitamin C, and a decent supply of vitamin A. Another health advantage of thyme is that it also has a decent supply of copper, fiber, iron, and metallic element. Traditionally Thymus linearis Benth is used for the treatment of assorted diseases as well as high blood pressure. Thyme extract supplementation magnified endurance exercise tolerance in intact animals. Thyme also has a significant antithrombotic effect.  

Read more: Nanotech for Neurological Health: Nasal GelInnovations | InformativeBD

Introduction

Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme) is an aromatic small perennial woody plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, used for medicinal and spice purposes globally Khosravipour and Direkv and-Moghadam, 2016.Thyme grows well under dry and sunny climatic conditions in unshaded areas Dauqan and Abdullah,2017. Thyme is a perennial bush with greenish-gray aromatic leaves. It originates from Southern Europe and Mediterranean countries; however, it is now cultivated in temperate climatic zones throughout theworld Singletary, 2016.

Among medicinal plants, thyme stands out as a well known medicinal shrub with its high content in interesting natural compounds and with its various applications in the traditional medicine Al-Shahraniet al., 2017. Thymus vulgaris L., a member of the Thymus genus, is the focus of this review, which also covers its biological characteristics, nutrients, and bioactive substances. It also discusses how this plan tis used in several industries, including as the food, cosmetic, and medicinal ones. This study also discusses the most recent clinical investigations on Thymus vulgaris in order to provide readers with a current picture of the possibilities of this fragrant plant. The uniqueness of this work rests on presenting a comprehensive grasp of the most significant potential uses for T. vulgaris, their potential drawbacks, and the requirement for additional research studies. Due to their accessibility and affordability, plant-based medications, sometimes known as "herbal medicines," conventional therapies, and traditional practitioners, provide the primary or only form of healthcare for many millions of people, particularly in developing nations Hosseinzadeh et al., 2015.

Nowadays, the demand for functional food ingredients that will impart health advantages apart from basic nutrition is now on verge of rising. Thyme contains of several flavonoids, and synthetic resin antioxidants like carotenoid, lutein, apigenin, and naringenin. Thyme is a rich source of minerals and vitamins (beta carotene, B-complex, vitamins A, K, E, and C, and folic acid,) that are essential for optimum health. Thyme leaves are one of the richest sources of manganese, iron, calcium, and antioxidants. Phenols are the major bioactive compounds which exhibit potent antioxidative activity Dauqan and Abdullah,2017. Thyme has been reported to exhibit pharmacological applications in drug development, especially in the preparation of antifungal medicinal formulations Khosravipour and Direkv and-Moghadam, 2016. Thymol is one of the chief bioactive compounds of thyme acting as biocides to cause the destruction of harmful microorganisms. Hence, it might be inferred that thymol will be helpful in mitigating the microbial resistance common medications like antibiotics Zhang et al., 2018.

Thymus vulgaris was the subject of a thorough bibliographic search for this review, which focused on both its nutrients and bio-actives. The description, distribution, and cultivation of plants as well as their functions in traditional medicine were covered. Biochemical processes, medical research, potential applications, and potential restrictions all received special consideration. The diet lifestyle and disease prevention are emerging topic in these days therefore the current situation for Thymus vulgaris plant to be investigated and urge the researcher to conduct trials on effects of T. vulgaris

Plant HistoryThyme has historically been used to performcosmetic, culinary, and for medicinal functions. EarlySumerian and Egyptian cultures used thyme forhealth purposes and for the preservation of deceasedbodies. Roman people burned thyme to discouragedangerous animals and the aroma of cheese andalcoholic beverages. Ancient Romans bathed withthyme because it was thought to give vigor. Thecommon name for thyme is also derived from theGreek word thymon, which signifies bravery or a cureBasch, et al., 2004. 

Reference

Akhtar MS, Jabeen Q, Khan HU, Maheen S, Karim S, Rasool S, Khan W. 2014. Pharmacological evaluation of antihypertensive effect of aerial parts of Thymus linearis Benth. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica 71(4), 677-682.

Al-Shahrani MH, Mahfoud M, Anvarbatcha R, Athar MT, Al-Asmari A. 2017. Evaluation of antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil. Pharmacognosy Communications 7(1), 34-40.

Basch E, Ulbricht C, Hammerness P, Bevins A, Sollars D. 2004. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), thymol. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 4(1), 49-67.

Craig WJ. 1999. Health-promoting properties of common herbs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70(3), 491-499.

Dauqan EM, Abdullah A. 2017. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 5(2), 0-2.

Gumus R, Ercan NAZLI, Imik H. 2017. The effect of thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris) added to quail diets on performance, some blood parameters, and the antioxidative metabolism of the serum and liver tissues. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19, 297-304.

Hosseinzadeh S, Jafarikukhdan A, Hosseini A, Armand R. 2015. The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: A review of Thymus vulgaris. International Journal of Clinical Medicine 6(09), 635.

Javed H, Erum S, Tabassum S, Ameen F. 2013. An overview on medicinal importance of Thymus vulgaris. Journal of Asian Scientific Research 3(10), 974-982.

Khani M, Motamedi P, Dehkhoda MR, Dabagh Nikukheslat S, Karimi P. 2017. Effect of thyme extract supplementation on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, PGC-1α content and endurance exercise performance in rats. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 14(1), 1-8.

Khosravipour B, Direkvand-Moghadam F. 2017. The development of Thyme plant as a medicinal herb: A review article. Advanced Herbal Medicine 3(2), 47-53.

Mihailovic-Stanojevic N, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Grujić-Milanović J, Ivanov M, Jovović D, Bugarski D, Miloradović Z. 2013. Antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of extract from Thymus serpyllum L. in experimental hypertension. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 68(3), 235-240.

Mihailovic-Stanojevic N, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Grujić-Milanović J, Ivanov M, Jovović D, Bugarski D, Miloradović Z. 2013. Antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of extract from Thymus serpyllum L. in experimental hypertension. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 68(3), 235-240.

Miloradovic Z, Bugarski B, Komes D, Milanovic JG, Ivanov M, Jovovic DJ, Mihailovic-Stanojevic N. 2010. Thyme extract improves blood pressure and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Hypertension 28, e496.

Prasanth Reddy V, Ravi Vital K, Varsha PV, Satyam S. 2014. Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 3(164), 2167-0412.

Rašković A, Pavlović N, Kvrgić M, Sudji J, Mitić G, Čapo I, Mikov M. 2015. Effects of pharmaceutical formulations containing thyme on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15(1), 1-11.

Singletary K. 2016. Thyme: history, applications, and overview of potential health benefits. Nutrition Today 51(1), 40-49.

Yamamoto J, Yamada K, Naemura A, Yamashita T, Arai R. 2005. Testing various herbs for antithrombotic effect. Nutrition 21(5), 580-587.

Zhang Z, Zhang S, Su R, Xiong D, Feng W, Chen J. 2019. Controlled release mechanism and antibacterial effect of layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly thyme oil microcapsule. Journal of Food Science 84(6), 1427-1438.

Source: A review on health effects of Thyme (Thymusvulgaris) on human lifestyle

Read More