Next-Gen Wheat: Breeding for Drought, Disease Resistance, and Better Protein Quality | InformativeBD

Lanouari Sanâa,  El Haddoury Jamal, Udupa Sripada Mahabala,  Henkrar Fatima, Nasser Boubker, and Bencharki Bouchaib, from the different institute of Morocco, wrote a Research article about, Next-Gen Wheat: Breeding for Drought, Disease Resistance, and Better Protein Quality. Entitled, The application of new breeding strategy for tolerance to drought, resistance to Hessian fly, resistance to rust and end-use quality of protein content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Genetic diversity in crop specie is essential to breed buffered genotypes capable to withstand under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. An approach called genotypic selection based on the widespread conventional selection with the use of information of the molecular markers can facilitate breeding strategy by providing effective achievement of biotic stress resistance reducing in mean time generation interval and investments in ecological-friendly crop production is reviewed. Also the phenotypic selection is an important step in breeding programs, and genetic variability increases the chances of obtaining variance in progenies. In this study, we present a practical validation of the breeding strategy to produce bread wheat lines derived from a three elite cultivar with superior dough properties and durable rust resistance. Molecular markers were used to screen a double hybrid population produced from a cross between the three varieties of bread wheat considered as donor parents: Dharwar, Annuello and Stylet crossed with six varieties considered as recurrent parents: Achtar, Aguilal, Merchouch, Baraka, Salama and Amal. Following the phenotypic selection was applied for the doubled haploid plants to select new genotypes for rust resistance, Hessian fly resistance, drought tolerance and grain protein content.

Read more : Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Morocco, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occupies, in both production and area, an important position, but the productivity is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Developing new wheat varieties using the breeding program is the most effective means to managing these stresses and improving the productivity (El Haddoury et al., 2012). The objectives of the breeding strategy used in this experiment is to develop new bread wheat variety with different quality, as rust resistance, Hessian fly (HF) resistance, drought tolerance and end-use quality of a gluten protein.

The HF, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has been recognized for several years as the major pest of wheat, that attack annually the most wheat-growing regions in Morocco. The damage caused by this insect can go up to the total destruction of culture, especially if the infestation coincides with the early stage of the plant (Lhaloui et al., 2005). To overcome this problem several methods are used but the genetic control, through the introduction of the resistance in varieties, is the most effective and economical approach for control the damage caused by this insect (Lhaloui et al., 2005; Nasrellah and Lhaloui 2006). So far, 34 major HF resistance genes have been identified, named and characterized (Liu et al., 2005; McIntosh et al., 2005; Chunlian et al., 2013).

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina, stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis and stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis are the major foliar diseases of wheat, resulting in yield loss all over the world (Kaur et al., 2008). The wheat cultivars become susceptible to rusts due to their narrow genetic base for resistance and the rapid rate evolution of the pathogen, making it necessary to search for new sources of resistance. So far, nearly 58 leaf rust and 40 stripe rust resistance genes have been identified and designated as Lr1 through Lr58 and Yr1 through Yr40, respectively (McIntosh et al., 2005; Kuraparthy et al., 2007).

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stress factor limiting crop yields around the world. The increase in global temperature, drought stress or water shortage is projected to have a growing impact on plants and crop production (Kiliç and Yağbasanlar, 2010). The ability of a cultivar to produce high and satisfactory yield over a wide range of stress and nonstress environments is very important (Ahmad et al., 2003). The response of plants to water stress depends on several factors such as developmental stage, severity of stress and cultivar genetic (Beltrano and Marta, 2008).

In this study, we present a practical validation of the breeding strategy to produce wheat lines derived from elite cultivars with several characteristics. Molecular markers were used to screen double hybrid (DHy) lines produced from a cross between three wheat varieties considered as donor parents: Dharwar, Annuello and Stylet crossed with six varieties considered as recurrent parents: Achtar, Aguilal, Merchouch, Baraka, Salama and Amal. Following the phenotypic selection (PS) was applied for the doubled haploid (DH) plants to select new genotypes with rust resistance genes, HF resistance genes, drought tolerance gene and grain protein content.

Reference

Ahmad R, Qadir S, Ahmad N, Shah KH. 2003. Yield potential and stability of nine wheat varieties under water stress conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 5, 7-9.

Barrs H. 1968. Determination of water deficit in plant tissues. Water Deficits and Plant Growth 1, 235-238.

Beltrano J, Marta GR. 2008. Improved tolerance of wheat plants to drought stress and rewatering by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: Effect on growth and cell membrane stability. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, 112-116.

Bouktila D, Mezghani M, Marrakchi M, Makni H. 2005. Identification of Wheat Sources Resistant to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Tunisia. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7, 799-803.

Chunlian L, Mingshun C, Shiaoman C, Jianming Y, Guihua B. 2013. Identification of a novel gene, H34, in wheat using recombinant inbred lines and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126, 2065-2071.

Cornish G, Bekes F, Allen H, Martin D. 2001. Flour proteins linked to quality traits in an Australian doubled haploid wheat population. Crop and Pasture Science 52, 1339-1348.

Datta D, Prashar M, Bhardwaj SC, Singh S. 2011. Alternate schemes for combining leaf rust resistance genes through molecular markers. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81, 602-605.

Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA. 1956. Calorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28, 350-356.

El haddoury J, Lhaloui S, Udupa SM, Moatassim B, Taiq R, Rabeh M, Kamlaoui M, Hammadi M. 2012. Registration of ‘Kharoba’: A Bread Wheat Cultivar Developed through Doubled Haploid Breeding. Journal of Plant Registrations 6, 169-173.

Farshadfar E, Jalali S, Saeidi M. 2012. Introduction of a new selection index for improvement of drought tolerance in common wheat. European Journal of Experimental Biology 2, 1181-1187.

Gupta NK, Gupta S, Kumar A. 2001. Effect of water stress on physiological attributes and their relationship with growth and yield of wheat cultivars at different stages. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 186, 55-62.

Hasheminasab H, Assad MT, Aliakbari A, Sahhafi SR. 2012. Evaluation of some physiological traits associated with improved drought tolerance in Iranian wheat. Annals of Biological Research 3, 1719-1725. http://wheatatlas.org/country/varieties/MAR/0   http://www.onssa.gov.ma/onssa/fr/doc_pdf/catalogue_ble_tendre.pdf.

Kamran M, Kashif NM, Ahmad M, Kausar NSM, Shahid IM. 2014. Physiological responses of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against drought stress. American Journal of Research Communication. www.usa-journals.com, ISSN 2325-4076.

Kaur S, Bansal UK, Renu K, Saini RG. 2008. Genetics of leaf and stripe rust resistance in a bread wheat cultivar Tonichi. Journal of Genetics 87, 191-194.

Keyvan S. 2010. The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 8, 1051-1060.

Kiliç H, Yağbasanlar T. 2010. The Effect of Drought Stress on Grain Yield, Yield Components and some Quality Traits of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) Cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38, 164-170.

Kuchel HR, Fox J, Reinheimer L, Mosionek N, Willey H, Bariana S. 2007. The successful application of a marker-assisted wheat breeding strategy. Molecular Breeding 20, 295-308.

Kuraparthy V, Chhuneja P, Dhaliwal HS, Kaur S, Bowden RL, Gill BS. 2007. Characterization and mapping of crypticalien introgression from Aegilops geniculata with novel leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr57 and Yr40 in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114, 1379-1389.

Lan Q, B Feng, Z Xu, G Zhao, T Wang. 2013. Molecular cloning and characterization of five novel low molecular weight glutenin subunit genes from Tibetan wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60, 799-806. DOI 10.1007/s10722-012-9877-8.

Lhaloui S, El Bouhssini M, Naserlhaq N, Amri A, Nachit M, El Haddoury J, Jlibene M. 2005. Les cécidomyies des céréales au Maroc biologie, dégâts et moyens de lutte. Publication INRA, Rabat p.8-26.

Liu XM, Feirz AK, Reese JC, Wilde GE, Gill BS, Chen MS. 2005. H9, H10, and H11 compose a cluster of Hessian fly-resistance genes in the distal gene-rich region of wheat chromosome 1AS. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 110, 1473-1480.

Martinez MC, Ruiz M, Carrillo JM. 2005. Effects of different prolamin alleles on durum wheat quality properties. Journal of Cereal Science 41, 123-131.

McIntosh RA, Devos KM, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, Morris CF, Appels R, Anderson OA. 2005. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2005 Supplement-DNA markers.

McIntosh RA, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, Morris C, Appels R, Xia XC. 2011.Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2011 Supplement. Annual Wheat Newsletter 57, 303-321.

Mohammadi M, Karimizadeh RA, Naghavi MR. 2009. Selection of bread wheat genotypes against heat and drought tolerance based on chlorophyll content and stem reserves. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 5, 119-122.

Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with to bacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum 15, 473-497.

Nasrellah N, Lhaloui S. 2006. Les variétés de blé résistantes à la cécidomyie, Nouvel atout pour la céréaliculture au Maroc. Bulletin mensuel d’information et de liaison du PNTTA. Publication INRA 140, 1-4. http://www.agrimaroc.net/140.pdf.

Nieto-Taladriz MT, Ruiz M, Martinez MC, Vazquez JF, Carrillo JM. 1997. Variation and classification of B low-molecular weight glutenin subunit alleles in durum wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 95, 1155-1160.

Noorka IR, Schwarzacher T. 2013. Water a Response Factor to Screen Suitable Genotypes to Fight and Traverse Periodic Onslaughts of Water Scarcity in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 2, 37-44.

ONSSA, Morocco. 2015. Liste des variétés de blé tendre inscrites sur la liste du catalogue Officiel.

Pal D, Bhardwaj SC, Sharma D, Kumari S, Patial M, Sharma P. 2015. Assessment of genetic diversity and validating rust resistance gene sources using molecular markers in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 47, 89-98.

Paul MH, Planchon C, Ecochard R. 1979. Etude des relations entre le développement foliaire, le cycle de développement et la productivité chez le soja. Annales de l’amélioration des plantes 29, 479-92.

Payne PI, Jackson EA, Holt LM. 1984. The association between γ-gliadin 45 and gluten strength in durum wheat varieties: A direct causal effect or the result of genetic linkage? Journal of Cereal Science 2, 73-81.

Payne PI, Lawrence GJ. 1983. Catalogue of alleles for the complex gene loci: Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 which code for high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat. Cereal Research Communications 11, 29-35.

Rao DN, Le Blanc F. 1965. Effects of sulfur dioxide on the Lichens algea with reference to chlorophyll. The Bryologistis 69, 69-75.

Singh NK, Shepherd KW, Cornish GB. 1991. A simplified SDS-PAGE procedure for separating LMW subunits of glutenin. Journal of Cereal Science 14, 203-208.

Wang P, Chen YR. 1986. A study on the application of C17 meduim for anther culture. Acta Botanica Sinicia.

Wheat Atlas. 2014. CIMMYT, Wheat Atlas, Moroccan wheat varieties. Accessed on November 11, 2014.

Yan Y, Hsam SLK, Yu JZ, Jiang Y, Ohtsuka I, Zeller FJ. 2003. HMW and LMW glutenin alleles among putative tetraploid and hexaploid European spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) progenitors. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107, 1321-1330.

Zhang X, Jin H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Li G, Xia X, He Z, Zhang A. 2012. Composition and functional analysis of low-molecular-weight glutenin alleles with Aroona near-isogenic lines of bread wheat. BMC Plant Biology 12, 243-258. DOI:10.1186/1471-2229-12-243.

Zhen S, Han C, Ma C, Gu A, Zhang M, Shen X, Li X, Yan T. 2014. Deletion of the low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit allele Glu-A3a of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) significantly reduces dough strength and breadmaking quality. BMC Plant Biology 14, 367-384. DOI:10.1186/s12870-014-0367-3.

Article source : The application of new breeding strategy for tolerance to drought, resistance to Hessian fly,resistance to rust and end-use quality of protein content in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) 

Read More

Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research | InformativeBD

Shahid Ali Chand, Muhammad Zohaib Hassan, Umair Rasool Azmi,  Muhammad Ilyas,  Iqra Kanwal, Ghulam Mujtaba Atif,  Aqdas Hameed, Atif Haroon, Tayyaba Yasin, Muhammad Huzaifa Mahmood,  Muhammad Yousof Zahoor, and Muhammad Nabeel Aslam, from the  different institute of Pakistan, wrote a Review article about, Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research. Entitled, Review on use of recent molecular techniques to access biodiversity in plants. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Molecular tools developed in the past few years provide easy, less laborious means for assigning known and unknown plant taxa. These techniques answer many new evolutionary and taxonomic questions, which were not previously possible with only phenotypic methods. Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studies. This review presents a basic description of different molecular techniques that can be utilized for DNA fingerprinting and molecular diversity analysis of plant species. DNA barcoding uses particular regions of DNA making helping in categorization and recognize unknown species. Researchers now interested to generate DNA barcodes designed for all living organisms and to build up data accessible to public to help in understanding of natural biodiversity of world. Cyclotides are peptides derived from plants with particular head to tail cyclic backbone that have three disulphide bonds by forming a cystine knot. Recent information about DNA barcoding can be used for detection of unidentified biological specimens to a taxonomic group, accurate detection of phytomedicinals, and in the biodiversity of living organisms.

Read more : Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill | InformativeBD

Introduction

Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity. DNA barcoding is especially used to determine the data base that identifies different species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is PCR based procedure which is uses the random primers which bind to the nonspecific positions on the DNA and amplification of DNA and some molecular markers are also utilizes PCR primers comprising of nonspecific sequences in different length and size of nucleotides. Microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Assortment arises through reproduction slippage, inadequate crossing over, modifications enhancement or disturbing the sequences of replications, although single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs originate through point mutations. Simple series replications are tandem repeats of small as 10 base pairs and DNA sequences that are useful markers for genomic mapping and Loss of heterozygosity of well-defined chromosomal loci. Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs is type of genetic variations of different plant population in biodiversity. The nucleotides are associated at specific position but in SNPs the substitution of a single nucleotide to another nucleotide that distinguish the diversity of plants on genetic bases (Altschul et al., 1990).

The conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources require accurate identification of their accession. The emergence of DNA-based markers has changed the practice of species identification techniques(Ahmad et al., 2019).The dramatic advances in molecular genetics over the last few years have provided workers involved in the conservation of plant genetic resources with a range of new techniques for easy and reliable identification of plant species(Armstrong et al., 2005). Many of these techniques have been successfully used to study the extent and distribution of variation in species genepools and to answer typical evolutionary and taxonomic questions.

Many of these techniques have been successfully used to study the extent and distribution of variation in species gene-pools and to answer typical evolutionary and taxonomic questions. DNA barcoding is a practice with the purpose to discover the varieties based on species specific differences in short sequences of their DNA (Hebert et al., 2003). DNA barcoding utilizes principles of biochemistry, microbiology and biotechnology to recognize plant species in most efficiently detection method that is faster and accurate as compared to other traditional methods. This skill is now adopted in morphological characteristics, physiological conditions and allows species discovery without individual taxonomic information (Erickson et al., 2014). This has enabled research scientists especially in field of molecular biology to put efforts on DNA barcoding technique to estimate the herbal plant and related biological products accuracy (Hebert et al., 2003).

Sequencing based molecular techniques provide better resolution at intra-genus and above level, while frequency data from markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellites provide the means to classify individuals into nominal genotypic categories and are mostly suitable for intra-species genotypic variation study. This distinction is important to grasp for population studies, particularly when the diversity data are used as a basis for making decisions about conservation of plant resources. For instance, a recent study on Napier grass has showed that AFLP is incompatible with RAPD and morphological data; reregistration of all accessions of Napier grass based on DNA barcoding is suggested as a means to resolve the lingering problems regarding the identity of accessions. The main objective of this review is to provide a basic understanding of the recently developed molecular tools and their potential application in the conservation of plant resources (Olsvik et al.,1993).

The aims of the research are to access the biodiversity of different plants using molecular techniques and for the identification of different organisms. Molecular techniques such as Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA barcoding, Microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studies. To access the different verities of plants and microorganisms these techniques evaluate the biodiversity between them. As in case of diseased plant to access the pathogen attack on susceptible plant and change in growth pattern of normal plant.These techniques are most necessity part of research on biodiversity and genetics that distinguish the next verities in future. Resistant verities of different plants having R gene that have high potential to resist the pathogen attack. These techniques play a significant role in RNA, DNA and Protein synthesis etc.

Reference

Ahmad I, Khan S, Naeem M, Hayat M, Azmi UR, Ahmed S, Murtaza G, Irfan M. 2019. Molecular Identification of Ten Palm Species using DNA Fingerprinting, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci 7(1), 46-51.

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol 215, 403-410.

Armstrong KF, Ball SL. 2005. DNA barcodes for biosecurity: invasive species identification. Philos Trans R Soc B BiolSci 360,1813-1823.

Baldwin BG.1992. Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: An example from the Compositae. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 1, 3-16.

Coissac E, Hollingsworth PM, Lavergne S, Taberlet P. 2016. From barcodes to genomes: extending the concept of DNA barcoding. Molecular Ecology 25, 1423-1428.

Costion CM, Kress WJ, Crayn DM. 2016. DNA barcodes confirm the taxonomic and conservation status of a species of tree on the brink of extinction in the Pacific. PLOS ONE 11, e0155118.

Craik DJ. 2015. Plant cyclotides. Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 76, London: Academic Press.

Erickson DL, Jones FA, Swenson NG, Pei N, Bourg N, Chen W, Davies SJ, Ge X, Hao Z, Howe RW, Huang CL, Larson A, Lum S, Lutz JA, Ma K, Meegaskumbura M, Mi X, Parker JD, Fang Sun I, Wright J, Wolf AT, Ye W, Xing D, Zimmerman JK, Kress WJ. 2014. Comparative evolutionary diversity and phylogenetic structure across multiple forest dynamics plots: A megaphy logeny approach. Frontiers in Genetics 5, 358.

Hamilton JP, Buell CR. 2012. Advances in plant genome sequencing. Plant J, 70, 177-190.

Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, de Waard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc Bio lSci, 270, 313-321.

Kress WJ, Erickson DL, Jones FA, Swenson NG, Perez R, Sanjur O, Bermingham E. 2009. Plant DNA barcodes and a community phylogeny of a tropical forest dynamics plot in Panama. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106, 1862-18626.

Kress WJ, Wurdack KJ, Zimmer EA, Weigt LA, Janzen DH. 2005. Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 8369-8374.

Kress WJ. 2011. DNA barcoding and systematic monographs. In: T Stuessy, W Lack eds. Monographic plant systematics: Fundamental assessment of plant biodiversity. Berlin: Regnum Vegetabile 153. A.R. G. Gantner Verlag K.G. 49-71.

Lahaye R, Bank M, Bogarin D. 2008. DNA barcoding the floras of biodiversity hotspots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 2923-2928.

Liu YJ, Newmaster SG, Wu XJ, Liu Y, Ragupathy S, Motley T, Long CL. 2013. Pinelliahunanensis (Araceae), a new species supported by morphometric analysis and DNA barcoding. Phytotaxa 130, 1-13.

Newmaster SG, Fazekas AJ, Steeves RAD, Janovec J. 2008. Testing candidate plant barcode regions in the Myristicaceae.Molecular Ecology Resources 8, 480-490.

Newmaster SG, Grguric M, Shanmughanandhan D, Ramalingam S, Ragupathy S. 2013. DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products. BMC Medicine 11, 222.

Nicole S, Negrisolo E, Eccher G, Mantovani R, Patarnello T, Erickson DL, Kress WJ, Barcaccia G. 2012. DNA barcoding as a reliable method for the authentication of commercial seafood products. Food Technology and Biotechnology 50, 387-398.

Olsvik O, Wahlberg J, Petterson B, Uhlén M, Popovic T, Wachsmuth IK, Fields PI. 1993. Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 22-25.

Schuster SC. 2008. Next-generation sequencing transforms today’s biology. Nat. Methods 5,16-18.

Shafiq S, Adeel M, Raza H, Iqbal R, Ahmad Z, Naeem M, Sheraz M, Ahmed U, Azmi UR. 2019. Effects of Foliar Application of Selenium in Maize (Zea Mays L.) under Cadmium Toxicity. Biological Forum-An International Journal 11(2), 27-3.

Swenson NG. 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of ecological communities using DNA barcode data. In: WJ Kress, DL Erickson eds. DNA barcodes: Methods and protocols. New York: Humana Press, Springer Science+Publishing Media, LLC. 409-419.

Swenson NG. 2013. The assembly of tropical tree communities the advances and shortcomings of phylogenetic and functional trait analyses. Ecography 36, 264-276.

Techen N, Parveen I, Pan Z, Khan IA. 2014. DNA barcoding of medicinal plant material for identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol 25, 103-110.

Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van de Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M. 1995. AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucl. Acids Res 23, 4407-4414.

Webb CO, Donoghue MJ. 2005. Phylomatic: Tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology Notes 5, 181-183.

Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 6531-6535.

Article source : Review on use of recent molecular techniques to access biodiversity in plants 

Read More

Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill | InformativeBD

Roger B. Dologuin Jr.,  Maria Sheila K. Ramos,  Jaime Q. Guihawan, Ruben F. and Amparado Jr., from the  different institute of Philippines, wrote a Research Article about, Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill. entitled, Subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland as potential landfill leachate treatment of the solid waste disposal facility of Iligan City, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The landfill leachate generated in Bonbonon is considered high strength (11,622mg/L BOD5), posing serious environmental risks. In this paper, an attempt was made to reduce specifically the BOD5 (~5,000mg/L) as finishing treatment with a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VCFW) planted with Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and Cattail (Typha latifolia), respectively to render the leachate as effluent amenable for disposal as required by the Philippine Clean Water Act. Raw and treated effluents were sampled and analyzed for various water quality parameters at specific hydraulic retention time (14, 21, 28 days, respectively). Pollutants were removed more effectively by vegetated cells than by the non-vegetated cells. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) removed more contaminants than Cattail (Typha latifolia), with an average of 99.32% BOD5 removal and average pH reduction to as low as 7.06 from the average original pH of 7.72. Turbidity reduction is less effective with VFCWs. The system was able to remove 100% of the lead (Pb). Hence, Constructed Wetlands (CWs) with subsurface-vertical flow proved to be a cost-effective phytoremediation treatment technology of the landfill leachate. It is indeed a promising treatment technology that Iligan City can implement to treat its high strength wastewater.

Read more : Fern Power: Natural Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Tropical Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and its impacts on the environment are of primary concern in our societies nowadays. MSW usually comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial solid wastes, which contain organic and inorganic compounds, including heavy metals (Jayawardhana et al., 2016; Mshelia et al., 2014). Improper solid waste management poses a serious risk of contamination to both groundwater and surface water quality (Aderemi et al., 2011). Generally, solid waste is disposed of through incineration, composting, landfilling, or any desired combination of these methods (Jayawardhana et al., 2016; Leton & Omotosho, 2004).

In Iligan City, the final disposal site for solid wastes is the Central Material Recovery and Composting Facility (CMRCF) situated in Sitio Bangko, Barangay Bonbonon, Iligan City. The CMRCF is generating leachate, and it was reported that leachates were made to overflow from a leachate pond towards a creek without proper treatment. As reported, the residents noticed black and brown effluent being carried by the flowing water to the nearby Dodiongan Falls (Arevalo, 2016). In addition, from the study of Ramos et al. (2017), the leachates from the same source were analyzed of BOD5, lead, chromium, and mercury contents and were found to be 52,000mg/L, 0.2084mg/L, 0.6575mg/L, and 0.1771mg/L, respectively. These values did not meet the water quality standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order (DAO) 2016-08, otherwise known as Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016. This leachate concentration is considered to be very strong wastewater and may pose health and environmental risks when released to the bodies of water (Pescod, 1992; USEPA, 2003). This study has been conducted in response to the alarming state of the river water quality and proposed a cost-effective treatment technology using native plant species.

A very promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachates is the use of constructed wetlands. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are natural, low-cost, eco-technological biological wastewater treatment technology designed to treat wastewater. It is a shallow basin filled with filter materials (substrate), usually made of layers of sand and gravel, and planted with vegetation tolerant to constant inundation. In Verticial Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCW), the wastewater is introduced into the system and flows vertically through the substrate. The wastewater is treated by means of microbiological degradation of organic matter and other physico-chemical processes occurring in the system. Moreover, the VFCWs are also being used to treat various types of wastewater, including phenol, dairy, livestock, and industrial wastewater (Kadlec & Wallac, 2009; Yalcuk & Ugurlu, 2008; UN-HABITAT, 2008).

In this study, landfill leachate was treated by a vertical flow constructed wetland systems. The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to determine the physical and biochemical characteristics of the wastewater in terms of turbidity, temperature, heavy metals (lead), pH, and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) before and after the treatment; (2) assess the effect of hydraulic retention time to the physical and biochemical characteristics of the water samples; and (3) assess and compare the effects of the two species of hydrophytic plants to the physical and biochemical characteristics of the water samples.

Reference

Aderemi AO, Oriaku AV, Adewumi GA, Otitoloju AA. 2011. Assessment of groundwater contamination by leachate near a municipal solid waste landfill. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5, 933- 940.

Arevalo RR. 2016. Landfill leachate leaks into Dodiongan Falls. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 20 December 2020 from the network channel.

Aziz SQ. 2013. Produced Leachate from Erbil Landfill Site, Iraq: Characteristics, Anticipated Environmental Threats and Treatment. In The 16th International Conference on Petroleum, Mineral Resources and Development, Cairo, Egypt p. 10- 12.

Bhalla B, Saini MS, Jha MK. 2012. Characterization of leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfilling sites of Ludhiana, India: a comparative study. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 2, 732- 745.

Chandra R, Dubey NK, Kumar VR. 2018. Phytoremediation of environmental pollutants. Taylor & Francis Ltd. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p.1- 30.

Dong C, Huang YH, Wang SC, Huang YJ, Tao L, Xu YX. 2014. Plants of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems: A comparison of the oxygen release from roots of Typha and Phragmite. In Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publications Ltd    641, 371- 375.

European Commission. 2002. Heavy Metals in Wastes. From European Commission on Environment: https://ec.europa.eu/ environment/pdf/waste/compost/hm_ finalreport. pdf (accessed March 15, 2021).

Fondriest Environmental, Inc. 2013. pH of Water. In Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. Retrieved from: https://www. fondriest.com/environmental-measurements /parameters/water-quality/ph/ (accessed April

Fondriest Environmental, Inc. 2014. Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids and Water Clarity. In Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. Retrieved from: https://www. fondriest.com/environmentalmeasurements/parameters/water-quality/turbidity-total-suspended -solids-water-clarity/

Fondriest Environmental, Inc. 2014. Water Temperature. In Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. Retrieved from: https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/ water-temperature/ (accessed April 10, 2021).

Hach. 2020. Ammonia vs. Ammonium – what is the difference between these forms of nitrogen?. From Hach Support publication: https://uksupport.hach.com/app/answers/ answer_view/a_id/1011356/~/ammonia-vs.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. 2012. Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Department of Civil Engineering CEL212 Environmental Engineering Second Semester 2011-2012 Laboratory Experiment 6.

Jayawardhana Y, Kumarathilaka P, Herath I, Vithanage M. 2016. Municipal Solid Waste Biochar for Prevention of Pollution From Landfill Leachate. In Environmental Materials and Waste. Academic Press 117- 148.

Karathanasis AD, Potter CL, Coyne MS. 2003. Vegetation effects on fecal bacteria, BOD, and suspended solid removal in constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater. Ecological engineering 20, 157- 169.

Korzun EA, Heck HH. 1990. Sources and fates of lead and cadmium in municipal solid waste. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 40, 1220- 1226.

Leton TG, Omotosho O. 2004. Landfill operations in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Engineering Geology 73, 171- 177.

Lüthi C, Reymond P, Tilley E, Ulrich L, Zurbrügg C. 2014. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, pp. 118-120, Dübendorf, Switzerland: Mattenbach AG.

Lutosławski K, Cibis E, Krzywonos M. 2017. The effect of temperature on the efficiency of aerobic biodegradation of sugar beet distillery stillage: Removal of pollution load and biogens. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, 985- 996.

Mshelia EW, Chindo IY, Ekanem EO, Sanda DB. 2014. Assessment of Contamination Pattern of Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites on Arid Soil : A Comparative Study of Maiduguri Metropolis. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2, 1- 5.

Mustapha HI, Van Bruggen JJA, Lens PNL. 2015. Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for polishing secondary Kaduna refinery wastewater in Nigeria. Ecological Engineering 84, 588- 595.

Pescod MB. 1992. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. From Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

PhilAtlas. 2019. Bonbonon, City of Iligan. From PhilAtlas.: https://www.philatlas. com/mindanao/r10/iligan/bonbonon.html#sectionAdjBgys (accessed November 9, 2019).

Picek T, Čížková H, Dušek J. 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland—plants as important sources of carbon. Ecological engineering 31, 98- 106.

Ramos MS, Cabudoy D, Martinez FMJ, Sarsaba CA. 2017. Assessment on the Extent of Leachate Contamination of Dodiongan Falls. Bachelor thesis, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology.

Schiraldi C, De Rosa M. 2014. Mesophilic organisms. In E. Drioli & L. Giorno Encyclopedia of membranes 1- 2. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1610-2. Epub 2015 December 9.

Shahid MJ, AL-surhanee AA, Kouadri F, Ali S, Nawaz N, Afzal M, Rizwan M, Ali B Soliman MH. 2020. Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: A Review. Sustainability 12, 5559.

UN-HABITAT. 2008. Constructed Wetlands Manual. UN-HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal, Kathmandu.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003. High-strength flows–not your average wastewater. In: Summer, Pipeline, National Small Flows Clearinghouse 14(3). (accessed February 17, 2021).

USEPA. 2007. Method 7000B. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Revision, 2, 1-23. From EPA Publications: https://www. epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-7000b-flame-atomic absorption-spectropho tometry (accessed February 17, 2021).

USEPA. 2012. 5.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Water Monitoring and Assessment. From EPA Publications: https://archive.epa.gov/water /archive/web/html/vms52.html (accessed March 5, 2021).

USEPA. 2012. Turbidity. Water Monitoring and Assessment. From EPA Publications: https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/ vms52.html (accessed March 15, 2021).

Wießner A, Kuschk P, Stottmeister U. 2002. Oxygen release by roots of Typha latifolia and Juncus effusus in laboratory hydroponic systems. Acta biotechnologica 22, 209- 216.

Yalcuk A, Ugurlu A. 2009. Comparison of horizontal and vertical constructed wetland systems for landfill leachate treatment. Bioresource technology 100, 2521- 2526.

Yokogawa. 2020. pH in Fish Farming. From Yokogawa Philippines, Inc.: https:// www.yokogawa.com/ph/library/resources/application-notes/ph-in-fish-farming/ (accessed April 15, 2021).

Article source : Subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland as potential landfill leachate treatment of the solid waste disposal facility of Iligan City, Philippines 

Read More

Fern Power: Natural Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Tropical Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

Aileen May G. Ang,  Edsel Tan,  Rainear A. Mendez,  Melania M. Enot, Jessa May B. Ofima,  Reggie Y. Dela Cruz and Gina B. Barbosa,  from the  different institute of Philippines, wrote a Research Article about, Fern Power: Natural Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Tropical Plant Extracts. Entitled, In vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Rhizome and Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Leaf Extracts. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Increasing inflammation-mediated health issues have driven the search for more natural anti-inflammatory drug sources. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Nephrolepis biserrata rhizome and Angiopteris palmiformis frond extracts were determined via inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, 15-lipoxygenase(15-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Extraction with absolute ethanol was done followed by subsequent partitioning with hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Results revealed that the ethyl acetate-soluble partition (Nb-EtOAc) and aqueous partition (Nb-Aq) of N. biserrata and the ethanolic extract (Ap-EtOH) of A. palmiformis exhibit active inhibition against the 15-LOX enzyme. All of the N. biserrata extracts (Nb-EtOH, Nb-Hex, Nb-EtOAc, and Nb-Aq) and the hexane-soluble partition (Ap-Hex) of A. palmiformis were found to be active and selective towards inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme. The observed anti-inflammatory activity of N. biserrata rhizome and A. palmiformis frond extracts suggests that N. biserrata rhizomes and A. palmiformis fronds are potential sources of natural anti-inflammatory components.

Read more : Natural vs. Reforested: Mangrove Diversity in Panguil Bay | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism of a body against noxious conditions such as microbial infection and tissue injury. Inflammation enables the removal of harmful stimuli as well as the healing of damaged tissue (Ahmed, 2011). However, prolonged and chronic inflammation is linked to the development of various harmful and fatal diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological diseases (Aggarwal et al., 2006). Studies have associated the occurrence of a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, asthma, and psoriasis with inflammation. For the past thirty years, the number of inflammation-mediated diseases has increased rapidly (Bosma-den Boer et al., 2012).

While several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become available for the treatment of inflammation-related conditions, they also come with unwanted harmful side effects (Rainsford, 1999). Even with the advancements in technology, nature remains a primary source of various potent drugs responsible for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, inflammation-related or not. Hence, continued screening of natural sources for biologically active compounds is encouraged (Schumacher et al., 2011).

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, under the family Lomariopsidaceae – fringedferns, is a perennial fern commonly found in shaded and wet places such as river banks and swamps. It has been used as a treatment for microbial infections, wounds, stomach pain, bleeding, boils, blisters, abscess, and sores (Shah et al., 2014; Kormin et al., 2018). Moreover, the plant has been found to be composed of a number of several phytochemicals that play various important roles in the body, such as beta carotene, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phytosterol, saponins, and flavonoids (Shah et al., 2014; Shorinwa and Ogeleka, 2016). Angiopteris palmiformis, under the Family Marattiaceae, is a tropical fern with large, pinnately compound fronds measuring up to three meters in length and is commonly found in Taiwan, Philippines, and Tahiti. In the Philippines, it is known as Elephant fern or “pakong kalabaw”. Some biologically important compounds have also been isolated from A. palmiformis such as triterpenoids which were found to be cytotoxic against cancer cells (Chudzik et al., 2015).

To date, there are still very limited studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of N. biserrata and A. palmiformis. Hence, the potential of N. biserrata rhizomes and A. palmiformis fronds to inhibit 15- LOX, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 proinflammation enzymes was evaluated in this study.

Reference

Aggarwal B, Shishodia S, Sandur S, Pandey M, Sethi G. 2006. Inflammation and cancer: How hot is the link? Biochemical Pharmacology 72(11), 1605-1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.029

Ahmed A. 2011. An overview of inflammation: mechanism and consequences. Frontiers in Biology 6(4), 274-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1123-9

Auerbach B, Kiely J, Cornicelli J. 1992. A Spectrophotometric Microtiter-Based Assay for the Detection of Hydroperoxy Derivatives of Linoleic Acid. Analytical Biochemistry 201(2), 375-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(92)90354-a

Axelrold B, Cheesebrough T, Laakso S. 1981. Lipoxygenase from Soybeans. Methods in Enzymology Lipids Part C. 71, 441-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(81)71055-3

Bosma-den Boer M, van Wetten ML, Pruimboom L. 2012. Chronic Inflammatory diseases are stimulated by current lifestyle: how diet, stress levels and medication prevent our body from recovering. Nutrition and Metabolism 9(1), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-32

Chudzik M, Korzonek-Szlacheta I, Krol W. 2015. Triterpenes as Potentially Cytotoxic Compounds. Molecules 20(1), 1610-1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011610

de Winter WP, Amoroso VB. 2003. Cryptogams: ferns and fern allies. Plant Resources of South-East Asia – Backhuys Publishers 15(2). https://edepot.wur.nl/411315

Fry M, Bonner A. 2012. Development of a fluorescent-based assay to detect cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of ????-lactone derivatives. 22nd Annual Argonne Symposium for Undergraduates. Central States Incorporated, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.

Komala I, Yardi A, Betha OS, Muliati F, Ni’mah M. 2015. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the Indonesian ferns, Nephrolepis falcata and Pyrrosia lanceolata. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(12), 162-165. https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/view/8751

Kormin F, Khan M, Shafie NSM, Nour AH, Yunus RM. 2018. Statistical mixture design: Study of solvent performance in temperature-controlled microwave assisted extraction system on antioxidant properties of N. biserrata (Schott.) Sw. frond extract. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7(3.7), 166-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.19061

Lamichhane R, Pandeya PR, Lee KH, Kim SG, Devkota HP, Jung HJ. 2020. Anti-Adipogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of (−)-epi-Osmundalactone and Angiopteroside from Angiopteris helferiana C. Presl. Molecules 25(6), 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061337

Ofoego EU. 2015. The phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of ethanolic leaf extract of Nephrolepis biserrata. Thesis submitted to the Department of Biotechnology Technology, FUTO. https://librarian67.wixsite.com/futo-oer/project-reports

Otsuka H. 2006. Purification by Solvent Extraction Using Partition Coefficient. Methods in Biotechnology 20, 269-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-955-9:269

Rainsford KD. 1999. Profile and mechanisms of gastrointestinal and other side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The American Journal of Medicine 107(6A), 27S-35S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00365-4

Schumacher M, Juncker T, Schnekenburger M, Gaascht F, Diederich M. 2011. Natural compounds as inflammation inhibitors. Genes and Nutrition 6(2), 89-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12263-011-0231-0

Shah MD, Yong YS, Iqbal M. 2014. Phytochemical investigation and free radical scavenging activities of essential oil, methanol extract and methanol fractions of N. biserrata. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(9), 269-277.

Shorinwa OA, Ogeleka NO. 2016. Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Aerial Part of N. biserrata (Sw) Schott 5, 246–254

Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. 2019. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of combined phytochemicals. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 69, 19-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.009

Source : In vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Rhizome and Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Leaf Extracts  

Read More

Natural vs. Reforested: Mangrove Diversity in Panguil Bay | InformativeBD

Psyche Karren Ann S Osing,  Manuel Anthony P Jondonero,  Peter D Suson,  Jaime Q Guihawan, and Ruben F Amparado Jr,  from the  different institute of Philippines, wrote a Research Article about, Natural vs. Reforested: Mangrove Diversity in Panguil Bay. Entitled, Species composition and diversity in a natural and reforested mangrove forests in Panguil Bay, Mindanao, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journalof Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Mangroves are recognized as one of the richest ecosystems worldwide. Despite their importance and the efforts to preserve and protect these ecosystems, threats are still prevalent. Thus, in order to contribute in the preservation and protection of the remaining mangrove ecosystems, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the species composition and diversity of the natural mangrove forest in Barangay Matampay Bucana and the reforested mangrove forest in Barangay Mukas in Panguil Bay. This inventory is a benchmark study to determine the biodiversity of the mangrove species in both sites. It is then implied that any change in species composition and diversity may be attributed to human intervention. Transect-quadrat method was employed in gathering the data. A 100% inventory of mangrove species inside each 10x10m quadrat was done. Species composition data revealed ten true mangrove species and three mangrove associates. It was found that the natural forest hosts eight true mangrove species while the reforested forest have only five true mangrove species but it also host three mangrove associates. There are three species common to the two forests namely; Avicennia alba, Bruguiera parviflora and Rhizophora mucronata. The study also revealed that the reforested forests has slightly higher diversity index than of the natural forests. However, the two forests are classified as very low in diversity index according to categories classified by Fernando (1998). The differences in composition and diversity of each forest were attributed to the type of forests- natural and reforested, and to their geographical location.

Read more : Decoding Tomato Soft Rot: Molecular Identification of Causal Bacteria in Mansehra | InformativeBD

Introduction

Mangrove ecosystems play crucial roles in their ecological integrity and provide valuable ecosystem services. It is recognized as one of the world’s richest ecosystem. They serve as habitat for many aquatic and terrestrial organisms and provide direct economic contribution in forms of timber, firewood, fiber and other products which can be harvested (Kathiresan & Bingham, 2001). However, despite their ecological and economic importance, mangroves are becoming vulnerable to degradation and loss worldwide. They have become ideal areas for conversion to commercial and industrial activities because of their accessibility.

Globally, already half of the mangrove forests have been lost since the mid-twentieth century (Spalding, Blasco & Field, 1997). Over the last 50 years, onethird of the world’s mangroves were already lost (McLEod & Salm, 2006). According to Valiela et al. (2001), maricultural activities accounts to about 52% of the destruction of mangrove forests. Other activities such as coastal development, aquaculture, pollution and overharvesting had also led to loss of mangrove forests.

In the Philippines, continuous decline of mangrove forests is also noticeable (Gevaña & Pampolina, 2009). Brown and Fischer (1920) noted that in 1918 the mangrove forest in the country was estimated to occupy between 400,000 and 500,000 Hectares while the recent data of 247,362 hectares (Forest Management Bureau, 2007 as cited by Garcia et al., 2013) indicates that already half of the estimated mangrove cover was already lost. It is quite alarming that with the existing loss of mangrove cover, it still continues to face threats. Among their major threats is the conversion to fishponds for commercial fishing and shrimp farming (Spalding et al., 1997).

Despite the threats and drastic decrease in the mangrove areas, the country is still noted as one of the countries which support a high number of true mangrove species, having about 39 species belonging to 16 families (Sinfuego & Buot, 2008). This fact implies that the Philippines still holds high diversity of mangrove species. According to McKee et al. (2007) species diversity and abundance within mangrove forests determine how well the system can function and provide services. Thus, the more diverse forests offer higher delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Nevertheless, only about 35% of the remaining mangrove forests in the country are protected by national laws (Cudiamat & Rodriguez, 2017).

Albeit, greater conservation and localized replanting efforts, mangrove degradation is still anticipated in the Philippines (Samson & Rollon 2008). The importance of mangroves seemed to be undervalued by many. Massive conversion and overexploitation have been noted as one of the main threats to the existence of these ecosystems. However, these activities are still active today. Panguil Bay, in particular, was included in the critical list of Fisheries Sector Program due to observed environmental degradation (Philippine Journal of Development, 2004). Thus, to preserve and protect the remaining mangrove forest in the area, their assessment is greatly needed (Kauffman et al., 2011).

Hence, this study generally aimed to provide an inventory of mangrove species and species diversity of natural and reforested mangrove forests in Panguil Bay. Specifically, it sought to determine the species composition, taxonomic classification, morphological characteristics, and conservation status of the determined mangrove species and the similarities and differences of mangrove species present in the two mangrove forests. This inventory is a benchmark study to determine the biodiversity of the mangrove species in both sites. It is then implied that any change in species composition and diversity may be attributed to human intervention.

Reference

Brown WH, Fischer AF. 1920. Philippine mangrove swamps. In: Brown, W.H. (Ed.), Minor Products of Philippine Forests I. Bureau of Printing, Manila p. 125.

Cudiamat MA, Rodriguez RA. 2017. Abundance, Structure, and Diversity of Mangroves in a Community-Managed Forest in Calatagan, Batangas, Verde Island Passage, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5(3), 27-33.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). nd. List of Migratory Bird Monitoring Sites/Wetland Sites. Retrieved on April 20, 2019 from http://r10.denr.gov.ph/ index.php /support-services/protected-areas-wildlife-and-coastal -zone-mgmt-service

Dethier MN, McDonald K, Strathmann RR. 2003. Colonization and Connectivity of Habitat Patches for Coastal Marine Species Distant from Source Populations. Conservation Biology 17(4), 1024-1035.

Dickson JO. 1987. Panguil Bay, Philippines – the cause of its over-exploitation and suggestions for its rehabilitation. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City Philippines. Food and Agriculture Organization p. 218-234.

Duke NC. 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In: Robertson AI and Alongi DM, (Eds.), Tropical mangrove ecosystems. Coastal and estuarine studies 41: American Geological Union, Washington, DC, USA p. 63-100.

Ellison AM, Farnsworth EJ. 1996. Anthropogenic disturbance to Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: Past impacts, present trends and future predictions.

Biotropica 28 (4A), 549-565.

Ellison J, Koedam NE, Wang Y, Primavera J, Jin Eong O, Wan-Hong Yong J, Ngoc Nam V. 2010. Excoecaria agallocha. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. Retrieved on May 07, 2019 from IUCN website.

Fernando ES. 1998. Forest formations and flora of the Philippines: Handout in FBS 21. College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Unpublished).

Garcia K, Gevaña DT, Malabrigo P. 2013. Philippines Mangrove Ecosystem: Status, Threats, and Conservation. In: Ibrahim, F.H., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R. & Ozturk, M. (Eds.), Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia: Status, Threats, and Conservation. Springer, New York p. 81-94.

Gevaña DT, Pampolina NM. 2009. Plant diversity and carbon storage of a Rhizophora stand in Verde Passage, San Juan, Batangas, Philippines. Journal of Environmental and Management 12(2), 1-10.

Israel DC, Adan EY, Lopez NF, Castro JC. 2004. Perceptions of Fishermen Households on the Long-Term Impact of Coastal Resources Management in Panguil Bay. Philippine Journal of Development 31, 107-134.

Kathiresan K, Bingham BL. 2001. Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40, 81-251.

Kauffman JB, Heider C, Cole TG, Dwire KA, Donato DC. 2011. Ecosystem carbon stocks of Micronesian mangrove forests. Wetlands 31, 343-352.

Kovacs K, Polasky S, Nelson E, Keeler BL, Pennington D, Plantinga AJ, Taff SJ. 2013. Evaluating the Return in Ecosystem Services from Investment in Public Land Acquisitions. PLoS ONE 8(6).

Lacerda LD, Conde JE, Kjerfve B, Alvarez-Leon R, Alarcon C, Polania J. 2002. American mangroves. In: Lacerda LD (Ed.), Mangrove Ecosystems: Function and Management. Springer, Verlag, Berlin p. 12-13.

Long J, Napton D, Giri C, Graesser J. 2014. A mapping and monitoring assessment of the Philippines’ mangrove forests from 1990 to 2010. Journal of Coastal Research 30, p. 268.

McKee KL, Cahoon DR, Feller IC. 2007. Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16(5), 545-556.

McLeod E, Salm RV. 2006. Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland p. 64.

Middeljans M. 2015. The species composition of the mangrove forest along the Abatan River in Lincod, Maribojoc, Bohol, Philippines and the mangrove forest structure and its regeneration status between managed and unmanaged Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb). Unpublished.

Oldfield SF. 2018. Trends in Biodiversity, Plants. Elsevier 3, 145-150.

Parani M, Lakshmi M, Senthilkumar P. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers. Theoritical Applied Genetics 97, 617-625.

Philippine – Light Detection and Ranging (PHiL-LiDAR). 2015. Mangrove cover data. Retrieved on April 28, 2019 from Political Boundary Map of PhilGis DENR-NAMRIA.

Primavera JH, Sadaba RB, Lebata MJHL, Altamirano JP. 2004. Handbook of Mangroves in the Philippines – Panay. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department (Philippines) and UNESCO Man and the Biosphere ASPACO Project p. 106.

Ragavan P, Saxena A, Mohan PM, Jarayaj RSC, Ravichandran K. 2015. Taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Acanthus (Acanthaceae) in mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 16(2), 225-237.

Republic of the Philippines. nd. A national wetland action plan. Retrieved on April 20, 2019 from the website of The Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc p. 31.

Rivera RR, Mino SA, Lapinig VT. 2016. Population Diversity of Mangrove Species in Panguil Bay, Philippines. Journal of Higher Education Research Disciplines 1(1), 9-14.

Roldan RG, Muñoz JC, Razon III JA. 2010. A field guide on the mangroves of the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Sustainable Management of Coastal Resources in Bicol and Caraga Region p. 78.

Samson M, Rollon RN. 2008. Growth performance of planted mangroves in the Philippines: revisiting forest management strategies. Ambio 37(4), 234-240.

Shannon CE, Weaver WW. 1963. The mathematical theory of communications. University of Illinois Press, Urbana p. 117.

Sinfuego KS, Buot IE. 2008. Floristic composition and analysis of the true mangrove vegetation in the Philippine Islands. Journal of Nature Studies 7(2), 83-90.

Spalding MD, Blasco E, Field CD. Eds. 1997. World Mangrove Altas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan p. 178.

Tumanda MI. 2004. Panguil Bay: Change over time in fisheries. In DA-BFAR (Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources), In: turbulent seas: The status of Philippine marine fisheries. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines p. 378.

Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK. 2001. Mangrove Forests: One of the World’s Most Threatened Major Tropical Environments. BioScience 51(10), 807-815.

Article source : Species composition and diversity in a natural and reforested mangrove forests in Panguil Bay, Mindanao, Philippines 

Read More