Tiny Drifters, Big Clues: Zooplankton and Water Quality of Bitan-ag Creek | InformativeBD

Claire Ann Malaras, Genevive Precillas, Sean Michael S. Cabañeros, RJ Krista Raye Y. Leocadio,  and Gina C. Lacang,  from the  different institute of Philippines, wrote a Research Article about, Tiny Drifters, Big Clues: Zooplankton and Water Quality of Bitan-ag Creek. Entitled, Zooplankton Assessment and the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Bitan-ag Creek Cagayan de Oro City. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This research study aimed to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of Bitan- ag creek and to assess zooplankton diversity. Specifically, it determined (1) the physico-chemical condition and nutrient load of the creek and compared to DENR Administrative Order (DAO) standard, (2) assessed how the physico-chemical parameters affect the distribution and abundance of zooplankton, (3) identify zooplankton species that are found in each sampling sites, (4) measure significant difference on the abundance and diversity of zooplankton between sites. The study made used of the descriptive-comparative design to determine quantitatively water quality parameters such as conductivity, water temperature, TDS, turbidity, salinity, water current, COD, DO, pH, nitrates and phosphorus. The results clearly revealed that some physico-chemical and nutrient load parameters exceeded the standard of class “C” water body, this includes: conductivity, TDS, turbidity, DO and phosphate content. A total of five (5) species of zooplankton belonging to three (3) families namely: Appendicularia, Daphniidae and Ameiridae were present. Family ameiridae had the highest total number of three individuals which are found in first and third sites, whereas, the appendicularia and daphniidae settled only in the third sampling sites. Further, the study also showed significant difference on the abundance and diversity of zooplankton between sites. Thus, the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in Bitan –ag creek were greatly influenced by the condition of its physico-chemical and nutrient chemistry. The research suggested that there should be rehabilitation of Bitan –ag creek to avoid further degradation of its water quality.

Read more :  Unlocking Buttermilk Microbes: Amino Acids and Fermenting Bacteria Explored |InformativeBD  

Introduction

Creeks are valuable part of the aquatic resources serving as feeder-rivers, providing flood control, storm water drainage, habitat to wildlife, creating neighborhood beauty and improving quality of life (Saliu and Ekpo, 2006). Bitan-ag Creek is one of many water tributaries in Cagayan de Oro City. According to some natives in the City, Bitan-ag was formerly known as a river that has been surrounded by grasslands. It was used as a source of drinking water for the native people and for their animals. With anthropogenic activities through time, the very clean body of water has become polluted (Canencia et al., 2011). Its conversion also goes with the developmental stage of the City. Bitan-ag Creek is now a waterway that cuts across Lim Ketkai Mall and a state university (University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines) and drain towards the shores bordering Barangays Macabalan and Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City.

According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the status of Bitan-ag Creek has never been classified to its designation, hence, the national government approved to include it in “Adapt an Estero Program”. However, it was temporarily assigned as class “C” inland water. As such, it is useful for fishery water in propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources. It is usable also for recreational and for industrial water supply.

Bitan-ag Creek has, by and large, ceased to be really useful creek except as disposal site for whatever wastes people can think of –solid wastes and nonsolid wastes alike. The survey and ocular inspections made revealed that where there are communities that have sprouted near the creek, then, that part of the creek becomes a victim of human abuse. This is even true in the high upstream portions of the creek where people use the water from the creek for washing clothes and for other household purposes. Even there, the evidence of dumping lawn wastes glared to the observers. In fact, the people even burnt disposed solid wastes right on the bed of the creek where there is no water (Del Rosario and Palmes, 2010).

Based on the findings of previous studies (Del Rosario et al., 2010; Canencia et al., 2011), it revealed that the Bitan-ag Creek is in badly serious condition in terms of pollution. The need of assessing the current status of water quality and the zooplankton level is a necessity to know if the water quality are still conducive for organisms to survive.

The study of zooplankton, which has a key position in the trophic chain, can highlight its fundamental role, and as a consequence, the functioning of the aquatic systems can essentially better be understood. Hence, the development of its conservation requires the realization of this study. Therefore, this paper aims at determining the existing status of the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in relation to nutrient chemistry as well as to the physico-chemical characteristics of the creek and its potential to affect other organisms via the food chain.

Reference

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Canencia OP, Lituañas CRM, Ansigbat VV, Ascaño CP, Tulang RO, Yañez SS. 2011. A Comprehensive Analysis on the Dynamics of Biodiversity and Bitan-ag Creek Watershed Interactions. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 9.

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Article source : Zooplankton Assessment and the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Bitan-ag Creek Cagayan de Oro City 

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Unlocking Buttermilk Microbes: Amino Acids and Fermenting Bacteria Explored | InformativeBD

Aneela Hameed, Nuzhat Huma, Shahid Nadeem,  Adnan Amjad, Muhammad Sameem Javed,  Ammar Ahmad Khan,  Muhammad Junaid Anwar, and Muhammad Amir, from the  different institute of Pakistan, wrote a Research Article about, Unlocking Buttermilk Microbes: Amino Acids and Fermenting Bacteria Explored. Entitled, Amino acids seclusion and characterization of amino acid fermenting bacteria in buttermilk. This research paper published by the  International Journal of Biosciences| IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Buttermilk has various applications in kitchen recipes. In this study, buttermilk has been manipulated for the isolation of amino acid fermenting bacteria. In this study, isolation and characterization of bacterial strains were carried out that can be utilized for amino acid fermentation. In buttermilk, on the basis of amino acids production potential, five bacterial isolates B-5-1, B-5-7, B-6-3, B-7-19 and B-7-24 were selected and characterized by biochemical tests, carbohydrates utilization and gram staining, as well as growth curve study. Fermentation conditions were optimized for better amino acid production. Results clearly indicated that different bacterial isolates from buttermilk had a great potential to produce a variety of amino acids, e.g., Isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine and cysteine. Some other amino acids that appeared in the fermentation broth were not prominent such as alanine, aspartic acid and valine. An isolate B-5-1 produced up to 6.7g/l of glutamic in the medium after 72 hours of fermentation. It is concluded that the isolate B-5-1 was a Lactobacillus delbruckii which attained its peak production around 14th hours of incubation.

Read more : Boosting Buck Fertility: Moringa Leaf Extract and Frozen Semen Quality in Boer Goats |InformativeBD

Introduction 

Buttermilk, based upon its production, was divided into two types. The first type of buttermilk is the liquid produced during the processing of butter and is commonly known as traditional buttermilk (Siva et al., 2019). It is being wasted every day as a by-product of butter-making industries. Frew and Abebe (2020) explained this as traditionally sour and defatted milk. It has a smoother appearance and thinner consistency than sour milk, as well as shorter shelf life (24-48 hrs) as compared to all other traditionally made products (Berheet al., 2017). The second type is cultured buttermilk that is produced during cow milk fermentation, commonly utilized for manufacturing a variety of dairy-based commodities and its sour taste is produced due to the fermentation process (Szajnar et al., 2021).

The variety of essential amino acids (EAAs) is produced in buttermilk due to the presence of fermenting bacteria during the fermentation process and can be utilized in various products specially formulated for EAAs deficient people (D'Este et al., 2018). Amino acids are being utilized in the food, feed, medicine and cosmetics manufacturing industries (Compeer and De Best, 2018). Amino acids are being produced through various techniques. D'Este et al. (2018) explored various fermentation processes to produce the amino acids on an industrial scale by utilizing the microorganism. Their synthesis through microbial activity is found cheaper rather than by chemical synthesis. The different modern fermentation techniques and various strains of amino acids fermenting microbes (Ma et al., 2017) have created opportunities for the industries to produce the glutamate and L-lysine in large quantities (Félix et al., 2019). Amino acids have become a major industrial product of microorganisms. For example, over 800,000 tonnes/year of glutamic acid is produced and used to make the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate, which is produced every year (biologicaldiscussion.com, 14-Nov-2021).

Bacterial production of amino acids (AAs) has not been exploited in Pakistan. Efforts have been made to produce amino acids exploiting our local resources. The bacterial isolates were obtained from a natural source and studied amino acids production through fermentation. Seclusion and characterization of AAs fermenting bacteria were be carried out from different sources, but the major prospect of the present study was to obtain bacterial isolates from buttermilk (a by-product of butter making industry) and development of fermentation conditions to produce the amino acids. This work was an attempt to investigate another good source of such bacteria that can be employed for amino acid fermentation.

Reference

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Barbieri F, Laghi L, Gardini F, Montanari C,  Tabanelli G. 2020. Metabolism of Lactobacillus sakei Chr82 in the presence of different amounts of fermentable sugars. Foods 9(6), 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060720

Bashir S. 2000. Optimization of fermentation conditions for better amino acid production: M. Sc, Thesis. Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad. Pakistan.

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Compeer AE, de Best JH. 2018. Report BlauweKeten: Applications of proteins, amino acids and starch from duckweed. Avans University of Applied Sciences, Vlaanderen, Nederland.

De la Torre I, Acedos MG, Ladero M. Santos 2019. “On the use of resting L. delbrueckii spp. delbrueckii cells for D-lactic acid production from orange peel wastes hydrolysates.” Biochemical Engineering Journal 145, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.02.012

D’Este M, Alvarado-Morales M, Angelidaki I. 2018. Amino acids production focusing on fermentation technologies–A review. Biotechnology Advances 36(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.001

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Article source : Amino acids seclusion and characterization of amino acid fermenting bacteria in buttermilk

 

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Boosting Buck Fertility: Moringa Leaf Extract and Frozen Semen Quality in Boer Goats | InformativeBD

Muhammad Riyadhi,  Nursyam Andi Syarifuddin,  Muhammad Thahir, and Muhammad Rizal, from the  different institute of Indonesia, wrote a Research Article about, Boosting Buck Fertility: Moringa Leaf Extract and Frozen Semen Quality in Boer Goats. Entitled, The Effect of Addition of Moringa Leaf Extract in Lactose Extender on Frozen Semen Quality of Boer Crossbreed Goat. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Moringa leaves contain various nutrients that can protect spermatozoa during semen cryopreservation. This study aimed to examine the effect of moringa leaf extract in tris extender on the quality of frozen semen of Boer crossbreed goat. Semen was collected with an artificial vagina. Fresh semen was divided into four tubes and diluted with 73% tris extender + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol (control), 71% tris extender + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol + 2% moringa leaf extract (MLE-2), 69% tris extender + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol + 4% moringa leaf extract (MLE-4), and 67% tris extender + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol + 6% moringa leaf extract (MLE-6), respectively. Diluted-semen was loaded in a mini straw and then stored in a liquid nitrogen container for seven days. The quality of spermatozoa including motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane (IPM) were observed after diluting and thawing. The result showed that the addition of moringa leaf extract into the tris extender could improve the spermatozoa quality of frozen semen of Boer crossbreed goat. At the stage after thawing, the percentage of motility, percentage of viability, and percentage of IPM of MLE-4 (52.2, 65.2, and 65.0%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control (43.7, 53.5, and 53.7%). It can be concluded that the addition of 4% moringa leaf extract is the appropriate concentration in producing frozen semen of Boer crossbreed.

Read more : Healing Licks? TestingAnimal Saliva Against Pus-Forming Bacteria | InformativeBD 

Introduction

One method to improve the performance of Indonesian local goats is to cross them with Boer goats through the application of artificial insemination (AI) technology. An important factor in the success AI is the quality of semen processing (Tamoes et al., 2014). The quality of semen processing can be maintained by adding various additive compounds to the semen extender, including moringa leaf extract. This is because moringa leaves contain high antioxidants (Kasolo et al., 2010) and antibacterial (Das et al., 2012).

Compounds that are antioxidants can inhibit the work of free radicals in damaging the plasma membrane of spermatozoa during semen preservation (Sitepu et al., 2018), to maintain the quality of spermatozoa. Moringa leaves contain flavonoid compounds that can bind free radicals (Kumala et al., 2016).

Improved semen quality preserved with an extender supplemented with moringa leaf extract was reported in bovine spermatozoa (Sokunbi et al., 2015) and Landrace pig spermatozoa (Fafo et al., 2016).

This study aims to examine the effect of various concentrations of moringa leaf extract in tris extender on the quality of frozen semen of Boer crossbreed goat. It is expected that the compounds contained in moringa leaf extract can protect against spermatozoa cell damage during the cryopreservation process so that the quality can be maintained and meet the requirements for use in the AI program.

Reference

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Das AK, Rajkumar V, Verma AK, Swarup D. 2012. Moringa oleifera leaves extract: a natural antioxidant for retarding lipid peroxidation in cooked goat meat patties. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 47, 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02881.x

Fafo M, Hine TM, Nalley WMM. 2016. Pengujian efektivitas ekstrak daun kelor dalam pengencer sitrat kuning telur terhadap kualitas semen cair babi landrace. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 3, 184-195.

Felipe-Perez YE, Juarez-Mosqueda ML, Hernandez-Gonzalez EO, Valencia JJ. 2008. Viability of fresh and frozen bull sperm compared by two staining techniques. Acta Veterinaria Brasasilica 2, 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2008.2.4.895

Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. 2016. Moringa oleifera: a review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Journal of Food Science and Human Wellness 5, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001

Kasolo JN, Bimeya GS, Ojok L, Ochieng J, Okwal-okeng JW. 2010. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves  in Uganda rural communities. Journal of  Medical Plant Research 4, 753-757. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.492

Kumala IN, Masfufatun, Devi DRE. 2016. Potensi ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai hepatoprotektor pada tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis toksis. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran 5, 58-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v5i1.6

Rasul Z, Ahmad N, Anzar M. 2001. Changes in motion characteristics, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome morphology during cryopreservation of buffalo spermatozoa. Journal of Andrology 22, 278-283.

Revell SG, Mrode RA. 1994. An osmotic resistance test for bovine semen. Animal Reproduction Science 36, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(94)90055-8

Rizal M, Riyadhi M, Sulaiman A. 2018. The quality of Boer goat semen preserved with sugar palm juice. Bulletin of Animal Science 42, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v42i2.28236

Salmani H, Towhidi A, Zhandi M, Bahreini M, Sharafi M. 2014. In vitro assessment of soybean lecithin and egg yolk based diluents for cryopreservation of goat semen. Cryobiology 68, 276-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.02.008

Sitepu SA, Udin Z, Jaswandi, Hendri. 2018. Quality differences of Boer liquid semen during storage with addition sweet orange essential oil in tris yolk and gentamicin extender. Journal of Community Service and Research 1, 78-82. https://doi.org/10.24114/jcrs.v1i2.9341

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). 2014.  Semen Beku Bagian 3: Kambing dan Domba (SNI 4869.3-2014). Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.

Steel RGD, Torrie JH. 1993. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.

Sokunbi OA, Ajani OS, Lawanson AA, Amao EA. 2015. Antibiotic potential of moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera Lam) crude extract in bull semen extander. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 9, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2015/18546

Tamoes JA, Nalley WMM, Hine TM. 2014. Fertilitas spermatozoa babi Landrace dalam pengencer modifikasi zorlesco dengan susu kacang kedelai. Sains Peternakan 12, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v12i1.4772 

Article source : The Effect of Addition of Moringa Leaf Extract in Lactose Extender on Frozen Semen Quality of Boer Crossbreed Goat 

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Healing Licks? Testing Animal Saliva Against Pus-Forming Bacteria | InformativeBD

Muhammad Muzammal,  Saqib Ali Rustam,  Shawana Huma, Muhammad Sohaib,  Safeer Ahmad, Muhammad Zeeshan Ali, Kaleem Ullah shah,  Muhammad Hanif,  Rizwan,  Fatima,  Sohail Ahmad,  Saima Mashal,  Hafsa Qureshi and Safeena Sadiq, from the  different institute of Pakistan and China, wrote a Research Article about, Healing Licks? Testing Animal Saliva Against Pus-Forming Bacteria. Entitled, In-vitro effect of domesticated animal’s saliva against puss forming bacteria. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Puss forming bacteria increasing their resistance against number of antibiotics, this study was done to check the antibacterial activity of domesticated animal’s saliva before and after feeding against 5 different puss forming bacteria using disc diffusion method. In this study saliva was taken from three domesticated animals i.e. dog, horse and cat and examine against five puss forming bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Among the test saliva, highest antibacterial activity was shown by dog saliva (21+1mm before feeding &23+1mm after feeding)against Escherichia coli and its activity was lowest(16+1mmbefore feeding and19+1mm after feeding) against Staphylococcus epidermidis. In case of cat, its saliva shown highest activity (20+0.6mm before feeding &22+0.8mm after feeding) against Staphylococcus aureus and its activity was lowest (16+0.6mm before feeding &16.5+0.9mm after feeding) against Streptococcus pyogenes and in case of horse highest antibacterial activity (18+0.3mm before feeding and 18.2+0.7mm after feeding) was shown by its saliva against Salmonella typhi and lowest (16+1 mm before feeding) against Staphylococcus aureus and after feeding its activity was lowest (17.6+0.5mm) against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Before and after feeding the pH of saliva was also measured. PH of dog saliva before and after feeding was 8.46 and 8.22, for cat it were 8.1 and 7.9 and for horse it were 7.2 and 6.5 respectively. Form the result it has been suggested that animal’s saliva has high antibacterial activity against number of pathogenic bacteria and can be used as antibacterial drug in near future.

Read more : Measuring the Mangroves: Morphometric Insights into Panganiban’s Mangrove Crabs |InformativeBD

Introduction

The species of vertebrates that has been captured and domesticated by humans; to live and breed in tuneful environment provided by humans is called domesticated animals. Domestication is the process of human forethought control over domesticates protection, tame full training, distribution, protection, and most important their breeding behavior to obtain specific and identified goals (Zeder, 2012). Breeding of domestic animal is controlled by humans. The domestication of animals and plants over past 1150 years has affected significantly biosphere by effecting human population and changing the human evolution. The process of domestication was started from dog, domestication of animal accessible through evidence of archaeology and driven by unintentional as well as willful actions of humans (Zeder, 2012). Day by day bacterial resistance is increasing and commercially available antibiotics are getting less effective. So for this reason many pharmaceuticals companies are trying many other sources to overcome this problem. So for this reason we looked for animal’s saliva because wounds that are licked by the animals are not get infected and vice versa. So there was possibility that animal saliva must have something in it which lowers the affect of bacteria and help in reducing the chance of infection. So, for this reason we use saliva for most common domesticated animals i.e. Dog, cat and horse and check their activity against number of pathogens.

In this study, we use 3 domesticated animals including Dog, Cat and Horse and check their saliva ability to kill the bacteria that are involved in formation of puss. As we know animals a have the ability to lick their wound so they don’t get infected. Our study was to check that either animal saliva is good for human pathogens or not. Saliva is liquid composition secreted by serous and mucous salivary glands. The basic unit of salivary gland is clump of acing cells they release fluid that contains water, electrolytes, mucus and enzymes all are these come out into the collecting ducts. The composition of this fluid is change in the collecting ducts. Most of the sodium is diligently reabsorbed, potassium is secreted, and large amount of bicarbonate ion are secreted.

Domesticated animals include goat, bovine and equine animals, sheep, dog, cat, honey bee, poultry, and other domesticated birds. Cat, (feliscatus) member of family felidae, order carnivore, also known as house cat(Wanget al., 2008. Domestic cats have features like low-laying bodies, finely sculpture heads, long balancing tail, and adaptable teeth and claw for active hunting(Davis and Valla, 1978). They are active, agile and having feature of carnivore relate them to their wild relatives. Dog, (canis lupus familiarizes), member of family canidae, abundant terrestrial carnivore. It is subspecies of gray wolf. (Larson and Fuller, 2014) For more than 12,000 year, dog is friend, protector, and hunting adorable partner. The dog and cat are the most popular domestic animal. Horse, (equuscaballus) a hoofed mammal of family equidae. This family consisted of single species, Equuscaballus, whose other varieties known as breed. Before the invention of vehicles, horse use as a source of transportation, use for riding etc. (Pickering et al., 2010).

Pus is yellowish brown, white-yellow liquid formed due to inflammation on the site of inflammation caused by infection of bacteria or fungus. A space containing pus in tissue is known as abscess and visible pus within or below epidermis is known as pustule (Ku et al., 2018; De Almeida et al., 2008).

Main aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of saliva of domesticated animals like dog, cat and horse before and after feeding. Change in PH of animal’s saliva were also measured and show that what kind of change occur before and after feeding.

Reference

Davis SJ, Valla FR. 1978. Evidence for domestication of the dog 12,000 years ago in the Natufian of Israel. Nature 276(5688), 608.

De Almeida PDV, Gregio AM, Machado MA, De Lima AA, Azevedo LR. 2008. Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. The journal of contemporary Dental Practice 9(3), 72-80.

Hart BL, Korinek E, Brennan P. 1987.Postcopulatory genital grooming in male rats: Prevention of sexually transmitted infections. physiology and behavior. 41, 321-325.

Ku BK, Jeon BY, Kim JM, Jang YB, Lee H, Choi JY, Cho SN. 2018. Investigation of bovine tuberculosis outbreaks by using a trace-back system and molecular typing in Korean Hanwoo beef cattle. Journal of veterinary science 19(1), 45-50.

Larson G, Fuller DQ. 2014. The evolution of animal domestication. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45, 115-136.

Mandel ID, Ellison SA. 1981. Naturally occurring defense mechanisms in saliva. In: Tanzer, J. M., ed. Animal models in cardiology: Proc. symp. Workshop in cardiology. Washington, DC: Information Retrieval 367-379.

Omenka CA, Osuoha JO. 2000. Antimicrobial potency of Grapefruit seed extract on five selected pathogens. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology 14(2), 39-42.

Pickering CM, Hill W, Newsome D, Leung YF. 2010. Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America. Journal of environmental management, 91(3), 551-562.

Pollock JJ, Denepitiya L, Mackay BJ, Iacono VJ. 1984. Fungi- static and fungicidal activity of the human parotid salivary histidine- rich polypeptides on Candida albicans.Infection and immunity. 44, 702-707.

Roth L, Rosenblatt JS. 1967.Changes in self-licking during pregnancy in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 63, 397400.

Schneirla TC, Rosenblatt JS. 1963.Tobach, E. Maternal behavior of the cat. Maternal behavior of mammals. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 122-168.

Thompson R. 1940. Lysozyme and its relation to the antibacterial properties of various tissues and secretions Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Online 30, 1096-1134.

Wang, Xiaoming, Tedford, Richard H. 2008. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, page 1.

Zeder M. 2012. The domestication of animals. Journal of Anthropological Research, 68(2), 161-190.

Article source : In-vitro effect of domesticated animal’s saliva against puss forming bacteria 

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Measuring the Mangroves: Morphometric Insights into Panganiban’s Mangrove Crabs | InformativeBD

Recie B. Bonaos, from the institute of Philippine  and Minerva I. Morales, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Measuring the Mangroves: Morphometric Insights into Panganiban’s Mangrove Crabs. Entitled, Morphometrics relationship of the Mangrove crab from the Mangrove Swamp. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Mangrove crab is a commercially important commodity in Catanduanes. But little is known in the study of morphometrics and its relationship. This study investigates some aspects of biology, particularly on sex ratio, morphometrics (Carapace Length, Carapace Width, and Body), and its relationships. Samples were gathered during the full moon last January 16 to 26, 2019, during both low and high tide using lift-net at the estuary part of Panganiban, Catanduanes. A total of 53 crabs were collected, of which 48.83% were male and 52.17% were females. The sex ratio of females to males was 1:1.12 and not significantly different from the hypothetical distribution of 1:1. Results revealed that a female crab seems to have a smaller carapace width compared to males. Bodyweight favored the male mangrove crabs with a mean bodyweight of 132.89g compared to females (113.23 g). A positive correlation was observed between carapace length- carapace width and carapace width – body weight in both sexes (R2= 0.8). Both sexes showed negative allometric growth on CL-CW and CW – BW with b<3. It showed that carapace length grows faster than carapace width and body weight increases faster than carapace width. Hence, harvesting of this resource should be minimized to the sizes of >8cm to allow continuous breeding and recruitment thus ensuring the sustainability of this resource. A follow-up study is needed in some areas to determine the status of mangrove crab covering a different period that will serve as a continuation of the study for the whole year-round.

Read more : Betel Leaf Power:Natural Defense Against Acinetobacter Infections | InformativeBD

Introduction

Mangrove crab (MC) locally known as “alimango” or “kinis” is an important fishing commodity in the Philippines and Indo-Pacific Region. Mangrove crab belongs to the family Portunidae of the class Crustacea plays a vital role in the ecological balance and income generation (Keenan, 1999). Mangrove crab includes four different species; S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. paramamosain (Keenan et al., 1998). The mangrove crab is a relatively large crab with a smooth carapace that can grow more than 3kg (Kaliola et al., 1993). The color varies from dark brown to mottled green, depending on the dominating habitat. Located on each side of the carapace are nine similar-sized spines and the hind legs are flattened to aid the animal in swimming (Kaliola et al., 1993). In nature, male mangrove crabs are normally larger than female mangrove crabs (Keenan, 1999).

They are crabs that live among mangroves and may belong to many different species and even families. They are ecologically significant in many ways. They keep much of the energy within the forest by burying and consuming leaf litter. Along with burrowing in the ground, at high tide, and in the face of predators these crustaceans can climb trees to protect themselves (Makowski and Finkl, 2012). Mangrove crabs are euryhaline animals and can tolerate a wide range of salinities, ranging between 1 and 42 ppt (Davenport & Wong, 1987).

In the Philippines, the farming of mangrove crab has been progressing rapidly due to a promising market and profitability. With the availability of mud crab juveniles from the wild throughout the year and the recent development in hatchery technology, there is a strong indication that the production of mud crabs on a commercial scale could be a lucrative industry.

Their size, high meat yield, delicate flavor, and ease of capture mean that almost everywhere they occur mangrove crabs are highly sought-after as a quality food item. Their sedentary habits, accessible habitat, and relative ease of capture also, however, make them susceptible to overexploitation (Brown, 2013). The current price of mangrove crabs in the local market is relatively higher than fish and mollusks and is projected to increase in the world market. This increasing trend in the domestic and export market is expected to step up the demand for crab seeds. In the Philippines, the technology of mangrove crab growout culture is already being transferred to resourcepoor fisher folks for adoption as an alternative livelihood. However, buying competition among big and small crab farmers is foreseen to be disadvantageous to small farmers. There is a need to hasten the development and transfer of technology on mangrove crab breeding and hatchery to stabilize the supply and price of crab seeds. Mangrove crabs are known for their major importance in the Philippines, particularly in Catanduanes Island. But little is known on the study of morphometrics and its relationship with mangrove crabs on Catanduanes. According to Bagenal (1978), a study of the length-weight relationship in aquatic animals has a wide application in delineating the growth patterns during their developmental pathways. In population studies, the morphometric analysis provides a powerful complement to genetic and environmental stock identification approaches (Cadrin, 2000) and lengthweight relationships allow the conversion of growthin-length equations to growth-in-weight for use in a stock assessment model (Moutopolos & Stergiou, 2002). Information about individual body weightlength/width relationships in populations is important for estimating the population size of stock, specifically for its exploitation. The lengthwidth/weight relationships are regarded as more suitable for evaluating crustacean populations (Atar & Sector, 2003; Gorce et al., 2006; Sangun et al., 2009). Thus, this study input some essential information on the sex ratio, morphometrics, and its relationships particularly in carapace width, carapace length, and body weight.

Reference 

Alencar C, Lima P, Molina W, Freire. 2014. Sexual shape dimorphism of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Decapoda, Ucididae) accessed through geometric morphometric. The Scientific World Journal 1, 1-8.

Araujo MdSLCd, Lira JJ PRd. 2012. Condition factor and carapace width versus wet weight relationship in the swimming crab Callinectes danae Smith 1869 (Decapoda:Portunidae at the Santa Cruz Channel, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Nauplius 20, 41-50.

Atar HH, Sector S. 2003. Width/length-weight relationships of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) population living in Beymeleklagoon lake. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Scences 27, 443-447.

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Brown MR. 2013. Live microalgae as feeds in aquaculture hatcheries, In Allan, G. and Burnell, G, (Eds), Advances In aquaculture hatchery technology. Woodhead Publishing Oxford, 117 – 156.

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Davenport J, Wong TM. 1987. Response of adult mud crabs (Scylla serrata) (Forskal) to salinity and low oxygen tension. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 86A, 43-47.

Dubey S, Chakraborty D, Bhattacharya C, Choudhry A. 2014. Allometric Relationships of Red Ghost Crab Ocypode macrocera (H. Milne-Edwards, 1852) in Sundarbans Mangrove Eco-Region, India. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6, 176-181.

Froese R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22, 241-253.

Gorce G, Erguden D, Sangun L Cekic M, Alagoz S. 2006. Width/ length and relationships of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1986) population living in Camlik Lagoon Lake (Yumurtalik). Pakistan Journal Biological Sciences 9, 1460-1464. http://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.1460

Hegele-Drywa J, Normant M. 2014. Non–native crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1984) – a new component of the benthic communities in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). Oceanologia 56, 125-139.

Ikhwanuddin M, Bachok Z, Hilmi MG, Azmie G, Zakaria MZ. 2010. Species diversity, carapace width-body weight relationship, size distribution and sex ratio of mud crab, genus Scylla from Setiu Wetlands of Terengganu coastal waters, Malaysia. Journal Sustainability Science Management 5, 97-109.

Jirapunpipat K. 2008. Population structure at size of maturity of the orange mud crab Scylla olivacea in Klong Ngao mangrove swamp, Ranong Province, Thailand. Kasetsart Journal Natural Science 42, 31-40.

Kaliola, JP, Williams MJ, Stewart PC, Reichelt RE, McNee A, Grieve C. 1993. Mudcrab (syclla serrata) in Australian Fisheries resources. Bureau of Resources Science. Department of Primary industries and Energy, and the fisheries research and development corporation. Canerra, 177-179.

Keenan CP, Davie PJF, Mann DL. 1998. A revision of the genus Scylla De Haan 1883 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachiyura: Portunidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 46, 217-245.

Keenan CP. 1999. The fourth species of Scylla. In Keenan, CP, Blackshaw A. eds. Mud Crab Aquaculture and Biology: Proceedings of an International Scientific Forum held in Darwin, Australia, 21–24 April 1997. ACIAR Proceedings No. 78. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra 48-58.

Makowski C, Finkl CW. 2018. Threats to Mangrove Forests: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Management. Springer 546.

Moutopoulos DK, Stergiou KI. 2002. Weight-length and length-length relationships for 40 fish species of the Aegean Sea (Hellas). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 18, 200-20.

Pinheiro MAA, Fiscarelli AG. 2009. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ucididae). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, 397-406.

Prasad PN, Reeby J, Kusuma N, Neelakantan B. 1989. Width-weight and length weight relationship in three portunid crab species. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 9, 116-120.

Sangun L, Tureli C, Akamca E, Duysak O. 2009. Width/length- weight and width length relationships for 8 crab species from north-Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Journal Animal Veterinary Advance 8, 75- 79.

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Thirunavukkarasu N, Shanmugam A. 2011. Length-weight and width-weight relationships of mud crab Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798). European Journal of Applied Sciences 3, 67-70.

Thompson D, Bonner J. 1917. On growth and form. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK.

Warburg MR, Davidson D, Yifrach H, Sayag L, Tichomirova Y. 2012. Changes in population structure and body dimensions of two xanthid crabs: A long term study in a single boulder-shore. Arthropods 1, 40-54.

Source : Morphometrics relationship of the Mangrove crab from the Mangrove Swamp of Panganiban,Catanduanes Philippines 

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Betel Leaf Power: Natural Defense Against Acinetobacter Infections | InformativeBD

Sehr Syed, Umair Azmat,  Shaista Ilyas,  Arslan Fazal,  Tanzeela Murmim,  Fakhra Riaz, Maryam Khan, and Saba Shamim,  from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, "Betel Leaf Power: Natural Defense Against Acinetobacter Infections. Entitled, Effectiveness of Piper betel leaf extracts against Acinetobacter species isolated from bronchitis and pharyngitis patients. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Acinetobacter species is associated with healthcare-associated infections especially chronic cough and other related complications. They are becoming increasingly antibiotic resistant. In the present work, the antimicrobial activity of different extract (water, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform) of Piper betel leaves were tested against Acinetobacter sp. SZ-1 and Acinetobacter baumanii TM-1 isolated from clinical samples collected from the patients suffering from pharyngitis, bronchitis and sore throat. For the antibacterial activity, different plant extracts were used in which Piper betel leaf stand out to be the most effective. Six solvents were used for this study in which only chloroformic extract showed the zones of inhibition. TLC analysis showed five spots with Rf 0.896,0.973,0.747,0.574 and 0.482. SDS-PAGE revealed proteins of different molecular weight when the bacterial cells were treated with ethanolic extract. It was also confirmed by Bradford analysis. GCMS analysis depicted different bioactive compounds including phytol; phenol,2,2-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl; spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3β,5α,14β,20β,22β,25R) and 2,2,4-trimethyle-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol. Furthermore, in silico analysis can enhance the existing knowledge about establishing the significance of P. betel leaves as an effective drug to treat the acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infections.

Read more : Nitrogen Done Right: Boosting Cotton Growth and Yield | InformativeBD

Introduction

The genus Acinetobacter was discovered in the eighteenth century when it was considered as a pathogen of the soil (Doughari et al., 2011). Since its discovery, the genus and its originating species have long been characterized and re-characterized under many genera, before being finally distinguished from other closely affiliated (on the basis of morphological and genetic grounds) genera (Jung and Park, 2015). The species belonging to this genus are reported to be aerobic, Gram negative in their Gram morphology and are typically present in the form of pairs or chains. Their growth characteristics and morphological patterns are highly dependent upon the type of media used for their isolation. Although the genus is home to many species, the most commonly known, studied and well identified species of the genus is Acinetobacter baumanii. It is usually found to inhabit water bodies and soil, but is also typically found in healthcare settings, environments and medical equipment (Villegas and Hartstein, 2003). There have been various studies that report the incidence of multidrug resistant A. baumanii, which has been the causative agent of many nosocomial and hospital acquired infections in European countries (Kamolvit et al., 2015). Over the years, it has emerged as a serious pathogen, as being reported as the causative agent of many skin, tissue, wound, and blood infections, sepsis, meningitis, and hospital acquired pneumonia (Howard et al., 2012). A. baumanii responsible for hospital acquired infections are usually isolated from different environmental settings like hospital walls, roofs, beddings, curtains, medical equipment, door knobs and handles, bin stands, as well as dispensers. It has the ability to sustain on living and non-living sources for long periods of time, and its persistence in hospitals and healthcare facilities is the leading factor behind its resistance to antibiotics and other disinfectants (Evans et al., 2013). It mainly targets exposed tissues and organs like the mucous membranes and those areas which have been exposed open by any trauma or wound injury (Sebeny et al., 2008). These infections can take a turn for the worse if these are left untreated, by leading to septicemia and eventual death (Howard et al., 2012). The other reason may be the exposure to the pathogen and its acquiring from environment of the infected hospital as well as the exposure and contact of the healthcare personnel with an infected patient (RodríguezBaño et al., 2009). The other species of Acinetobacter such as A. pittii and A. nosocomialis also cause infection in the patients of intensive care unit that is reported around the world while A. calcoaceticus causes bacteremia and pneumonia. The other species like A. lwoffii, and A. junii also have been observed to cause infections in patients with compromised immune systems (AlAtrouni et al., 2016). The affected groups of people can range from all age periods and ranges, but A. baumannii can particularly affect those people who are hospitalized and are immunocompromised, which may or may not be hospitalized. The patients who have a protracted stay at the hospitals are also susceptible to infection. Interestingly enough, the peculiar group with an increased risk of its infection are the soldiers and the armed forces who have been sent to conflicted war zones, especially those environments which are dry and humid. The desert areas provide an ideal setting for its growth which is reported to be the main causative agent of infection in wounded armed personnel (CDC, 2004).

The incidence of multiple drug resistant A. baumannii is usually reported in patients which are kept in the ICU of hospitals, where the estimated fatality rate is often high (Seifert et al., 1995). Therefore, it is often difficult to ascertain the fatality strictly related to it, and not depending upon the patients‟ other root causes of disease. However, it would not be wrong to say that the presence of A. baumannii certainly elevates the risk of high fatality (Abbo et al., 2007).

The other probable cause in the case of A. baumannii is that it acts as a biomarker or a precursor of an increased rate of mortality in the case of bacterial infections associated with patients admitted under critical care in hospitals (Eliopoulos et al., 2008).

The use of plants in the form of drugs has been in use since the advent and enlightenment of disease. The origin of this phenomenon is most probably the result of basic instinct and interest, as the case with animals and their first interaction with humans as a food source. The knowledge was beginning to take shape at the time, in the light of inadequate information regarding the pathogenesis of disease and the use of plants as their cure. The passage of time resulted in the discovery of specific plants which were solely used for the treatment of specific diseases (Petrovska, 2012). The medicinal plants may be defined as those plants that have been associated with herbal treatments since ancient and recent times, for the treatment of established and new infections and diseases, as well as for use in simple herbal and therapeutic concoctions that provide relief against simple ailments like insect bites, headache, nausea etc (Schulz et al., 2001).

There have been many plants that are reported for their beneficial properties, countless therapeutic and commercial applications, due to which they have been in use since ancient times, long before their beneficial properties were scientifically proven and researched about. Piper betel (Piper betle Linn.) plant is one such example. It is one of the most widely known and used plants worldwide. It belongs to the family of Piperaceae, which is known by various names across many countries of the world. It is known as „ikmo‟ in the Philippines, where it is largely cultivated (Quisumbing, 1978). It is also grown in many other Asian countries like China, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Malaysia (Guha, 2006). It has been reported to be effective against various bacterial strains like: Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans (Khan and Kumar, 2011), Enterococcus faecium, Actinomycetes viscosus, Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum as well as Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus pyogenes (Datta et al., 2011).

The aims of the current study were to find the Acinetobacter species associated with pharyngitis, bronchitis and sore throat. The biochemical and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter sp., screening of the medicinal plants against it, selection of the medicinal plant on the basis of its bioactivity, thin layer chromatography (TLC), qualitative and quantitative assays of proteins, estimation of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) will be ascertained.

Reference

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Abrahim NN, Kanthimathi MS, Adbul-Aziz A. 2012. Piper betle shows antioxidant activities, inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and increases activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12, 220-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-220

Agarwal T, Singh R, Shukla AD, Waris I, Gujrati A. (2012). Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of four Piper betel varieties. Advances in Applied Sciences Research 3(2), 698-705.

Al Atrouni A, Joly-Guillou M-L, Hamze M, Kempf M. 2016. Reservoirs of non-baumannii Acinetobacter species. Frontiers in Microbiology 7, 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00049

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Source : Effectiveness of Piper betel leaf extracts against Acinetobacter species isolated from bronchitis and pharyngitis patients 

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