Nitrogen Done Right: Boosting Cotton Growth and Yield | InformativeBD

Nangial Khan, Yingchun Han, Zhanbiao Wang, Guoping Wang, Lu Feng, Beifang Yang, and Yabing Li, from the institute of China. wrote a Research Article about, Nitrogen Done Right: Boosting Cotton Growth and Yield. Entitled, Role of proper management of nitrogen in cotton growth and development. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Cotton is important cash crop grown for fiber. Cotton fiber is used in fabrics and other things used in daily life. The production of many industries in the world and, especially in china is related to fiber. Proper nutrition plays great role in growth and high-quality fiber production. Different macro and micro nutrients are applied to cotton for high quality fiber production. Nitrogen is the highly utilizing nutrient among that. High growth, yield and quality of cotton depend on proper management of nitrogen. Due to increasing prices of nitrogen fertilizers researchers are working to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton to benefit farmers. Nitrogen is applied through different methods at different rates. Mostly split application at PPA (Pre plant application), FBA (First bloom application) and PBA (Peak bloom application) with different rates according to soil and plant condition are in practice by farmers. Many organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen are available with different properties. NUE is affected by different factors like genotype, cropping system, soil, volatilization and leaching, N amount application and fertilizer timing. Prior to nitrogen fertilizer application nutrient status of soil must be analyzed to prevent nitrogen losses from the system. Different methods like soil testing, tissue testing, Leaf area index (LAI), normalize difference vegetation index (NDVI) and satellite imagery are suggested to improve NUE. Many researches proved that proper management of nitrogen increase farmers profit and NUE. This review highlights nitrogen response to cotton growth, yield, quality, NUE and factors affecting NUE and how to improve NUE through nitrogen management. 

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Introduction

Cotton (Genus Gossypium) is a leading cash crop and is considered as “white gold and cultivated in above 80 countries all over the world (Maiti et al., 2012). According to International cotton Advisory Committee 2015 report cotton production in Asia and America is more than 80% of total world production while Asia is largest cotton producing continent of the world by producing 70% cotton of the world (Zhang and Dong, 2019). Cotton species are grouped according to their ploidy in diploids and tetraploids. Diploids (2n = 2x = 26) include Gossypium herbaceum L. and Gossypium arboreum L. while Tetraploids (2n = 4x = 52) have Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. The world 95% or more cotton production is from Gossypium baradense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. species (Smith and Cothren, 1999; Zhang et al., 2008). Gossypium hirsutum is also known as upland cotton, American and Mexican cotton which contribute more than 90% in cotton production while Gossypium barbadense contribute about 5% to cotton production and is also known as Egyptian or Pima cotton (OECD 2010). Cotton is perennial but commercially it is grown as annual crop and have indeterminate growth. Cotton is the unique crop which provide vegetable oil and clothes to humans, chaff for livestock feed, organic matter to soil and many other products to industries (Abdurakhmonov 2018). Currently more than half of clothes people wear is made of cotton fiber (Zhang and Dong, 2019).

Cotton needs different macro and micro nutrients for better growth and yield. Nitrogen is the first important macronutrient in agriculture production and its fertilization is necessary for good production of cotton (Hou et al., 2007). Nitrogen is one of the most limiting factor in cotton production (Arnall and Boman, 2019). N cost more in cotton production as compared to other fertilizers (Chaudhry 2007). Total fertilizer demand of the world increases 1.8% per year from 2014-2018 (FAO, 2015). Plants utilize nitrogen in the form of NO3 - and NH4 +. It is the element which greatly contribute to growth of plant and increase yield and quality of crop (Laghari et al., 2016).

Nitrogen enhances photosynthesis and leaf growth and result in increase of vegetative growth. Nitrogen reduction effect boll production due to premature senescence (Dong et al., 2012). Nitrogen deficiency first appears on older leaves.

The main deficiency symptoms of cotton are chlorosis due to main part of chlorophyll molecule (Fig. 1). It reduces growth of cotton and mostly plants remain stunted. N deficiency also negatively affect yield of cotton. Shedding of bolls in first 10-12 days after flowering shows deficiency of nitrogen. Shortened of fruiting branches, reddening of middle canopy at late season, short flowering period, enhance leaf senescence and reduction in boll retention at late season are symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in cotton.

In cotton farming, Nitrogen fertilizer was mostly applied in three splits at field preparation, early flowering and peak bloom stage but it rates are different from region to region, cultivar to cultivar and soil type (Fritschi et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2011; Boquet and Breitenbeck, 2015).

Many researchers are working to find the nitrogen efficient variety of cotton (Zhang et al., 2018) and reduces nitrogen split application and amount without decreasing the yield.

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