Abdul Haleem, Sajid Iqbal, Kashif Latif, Muniba Jadoon, Nighat Fatima, and Safia Ahmed, from the
institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Radiation and
Seeds: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Germination. Entitled, Enhancement of
metabolic spectrum and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi using
antibiotics as inducers. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal
on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network
For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research
journal publisher.
Abstract
Natural resources associated with production of bioactive compounds are getting immense importance in therapeutic fields due to concerns like increasing antibiotic resistance. Endophytic fungi are promising natural source to produce antibacterial agents. In this study, metabolic potential of two endophytic fungi, Epicoccum nigrum NFW1 (JX402049.1) and Chaetomium sp. NFW8 (KC797170.1), was evaluated using antibiotics (moxifloxacin and clarithromycin) as inducers. Fungal species were under standard cultivation conditions in media supplemented with and without antibiotics. Following incubation, ethyl acetate extract was analysed for antibacterial activity and probable shift in metabolic profile, induced by antibiotics, by high performance liquid chromatography. The results were further verified by thin layer chromatography, bioautography and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy. In response to antibiotics, endophytic fungi expressed changes in metabolic spectrum. These variations were manifested as phenotypic changes in the growth pattern as indicated by loss of colour by NFW8. Metabolic profiling revealed additional peaks in extracts of media obtained under presence of antibiotics. Considerable changes in antibacterial activity were noted in samples grown in the presence of antibiotics as compared to those grown without antibiotics. This study showed that selective modification of cultivation medium using antibiotics under OSMAC approach could extend the metabolic spectrum of the endophytic fungi in a promising and cost-effective fashion.
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Introduction
Since the discovery of
penicillin, chemical scaffolds obtained from varied natural sources have been
cherished for the development of potent drugs. Given the alarming increase in
antibiotic resistance worldwide, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
and life-threatening complications (Khalil et al., 2017), there is a general
call for natural product discovery leading to effective therapeutics. Among
natural sources, endophytic microorganisms are known to harbor novel and potent
biochemical entities (Arnold, 2007). These ubiquitous microorganisms reside
asymptomatically within the intracellular spaces of higher plants and are often
considered as under explored producers of chemical leads like paclitaxel or
taxol (Gunatilaka, 2006).
Over the years, several
different strategies have been adopted to fast track the discovery of new and
novel chemical structures from natural sources including endophytic
microorganisms. In addition to exploring microbial sources from novel niches
and habitats, several strategies like dereplication, in-silico studies, genome
mining, metabolic engineering, mathematical and statistical modeling have been
employed for bioprospecting new compounds (Scherlach and Hertweck, 2009;
Teixeira et al., 2019). Additionally, it has been reported that production of
biochemical entities by microorganisms is highly influenced by cultivation
conditions since many of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for secondary
metabolite production remain unexpressed under standard cultivation conditions
(Kusari et al., 2012; Daletos et al., 2017; Ariantari et al., 2019). Therefore,
varied approaches are adopted to enhance the biosynthetic potential of
microbes. One such methodology is systemic alteration of easily accessible
cultivation parameters for extending biosynthetic potential of a particular
strain (Bode et al., 2009). This approach is termed as one strain many
compounds (OSMAC) approach and involves selective modification of fermentation
parameters such as cultivation media, operational parameters (pH, temperature,
etc.) and addition of inducer or chemical elicitors (Bode et al., 2009).
The Northern areas of
Pakistan are considered a biodiversity hotspot. The endophytic fungi associated
with the medicinal plant Taxus fuana of the Himalayan region have been
investigated earlier for potential chemo preventive and bioactive compounds
with promising findings (Jadoon et al., 2015; Fatima et al., 2016). As part of
our ongoing investigations on indigenous endophytes, this study was proposed to
extend and reveal the hidden biosynthetic potential of the isolates using OSMAC
approach. Therefore, we cultivated the strains by selective modification of the
cultivation media and added antibiotics as elicitors of bioactive secondary
metabolites. These cost-effective modifications appear instrumental in
activating cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters and detecting additional lead
compounds which would otherwise be overlooked.
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