Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide | InformativeBD

Muhammad Arif, Mohsan Nawaz, Saira Bibi, Saddiqa Bigum, Shakeel Zeb, Qaribullah, Hameed Ur Rehman, Wajid Ullah, Ikram Ullah, Muhammad Ikramullah, Zia Ul Islam,  and Zohra Aftab Bokharee, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide. entitled, A multifunctional poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites reinforced with single walled carbon nanotubes and iron oxide nanoparticles. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This research work elaborates the synthesis and characterization of PVDF nanocomposite films reinforced with Fe3O4 NPs and γ-SWCNTs. Nanocomposite film were synthesized through solution casting method, DMF (Dimethyleformamide) used as a solvent. For proper dispersion of nanofiller, samples were sonicated followed by reflux. Different types of PVDF nanocomposite were synthesized by adding different weight percent of nanofiller (0%, 0.03% γ-SWCNTs, 0.01% Fe3O4, 0.03% γ-SWCNTs/0.01% Fe3O4) to PVDF matrix. Results obtained from the analysis of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), X-rays diffraction (XRD) were very informative for the phase change of PVDF from α-phase to β-phase, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows the thermal stability of the system, while impedance spectroscopy shows the enhancement in electrical and dielectrical properties of PVDF by incorporating nanofillers.

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Introduction

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with semi-crystalline character is pure thermoplastic and a non-reactive polymer having five crystalline phases known as: α, β, γ, δ, ε-phases[A. J. Lovinger, 1983], containing fluorine atom bonded to carbon atom. This material is categorized by an extraordinary resistivity to bases, acid as well as solvent. It is produced by the combination of the vinylidene difluoride (H2C=CF2)[P. Martins, 2014]. PVDF is piezoelectric substance and having greater stability than any other polymer and behave same like of other fluoropolymers in similar environment. No chemical degradation or oxidation occurs by continuous exposure to high temperature up to 149°C [X. Gu,2006, H. Kawai,1969]. The property of piezoelectricity make it desired substance for many applications like headphones, microphones and sensors[Y. Fu,2005]. The most important phase i.e βphase, having two chains in all-trans (TTTT) planar zigzag structure are connected into an orthorhombic unit cell. In all five phases, β-phase has highest spontaneous polarization. Many research effort have used to obtained β-phase due to their strong ferroelectrics[J. Bergman Jr, 1971] pyroelectricty and piezoelectricity[T. Furukawa,1989,V. Sencadas,2006]. The morphology of the polymer is affected by the addition of nanofillers and also having the effect on the mechanical properties of the polymer. In this regard CNTs and ferrite is used as additive and have marked effect on the morphology, piezoelectricity, and thermal as well as on the mechanical properties of PVDF, which can be used in electronics, actuators and sensors [O. Bajpai,2015,S. Begum,2016]. The effect of CNTs on the morphology of PVDF have being studied by Zhang et al. [S. Zhang, 2005] used coagulation method for the preparation of PVDF/CNTs composite, Wang et al. [M. Wang, 2007] used melt mixing method for the preparation of nanocomposite, Manna and Nadi [S. Manna, 2010] using solution casting and metl-mixing method for composite preparation, Levi et al. [N. Levi,2004] achieve composite of PVDF with addition of CNTs by solution casting method Kim et al. [G. H. Kim, 2009]formed composite by solution casting method.

These all studies were performed for change in crystallinity as well as for the enhancement of β-phase PVDF. Magnetite nanomaterial have become the most advanced research material in the field of chemistry because magnetite nanoparticles play an important role in increasing the properties of composite material. Among Nano sized material iron oxide are very important due to magnetic properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility and low cost as well as having interesting role in the enhancement of nanocomposite properties due to its application in electronics, optical and mechanical devices[W. Eerenstein,2006,J. Kumar,2006, G. A. Prinz, 1998]. PVDF/Fe3O4composite shows superparamagnetic nature with the presence of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, while the maximum saturation magnetization were found to be 30.8 emu/g [X. Wang, 2012]. Incomposite film of PVDF/Fe3O4which are prepared by solution casting method, it was found that by the inclusion of Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) significant increase in crystallinity of PVDF and β-phase content[T. Prabhakaran,2013 20]. While decrease in crystallinity and increase in conductivity were also be reported by some authors [A. S. Bhatt, 2011].

In order to investigate the effect of CNTs addition on the crystallization, the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of PVDF/CNTs composites much work has been done. In addition to this the incorporation of third phase in the form of inorganic nanoparticles has been explored with the objective to increase the multifunctionality of the prepared ternary nanocomposites. Like the advanced work on ternary nanocomposites it has been shown that the addition of graphene oxide enhance the thermal conductivity [W.-b. Zhang, 2015], The Dielectric permittivity were greatly increased by the incorporation of BaTiO3[Z. Liu, 2015], similarly the inclusion Fe3O4 content to PVDF/CNTs resulting in the enhancement of both electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of ternary nanocomposite prepared by twin screw compounding method [C. Tsonos, 2015]. The present work deals with a noval three-phase PVDF nanocomposite system with the loading of γ-SWCNTs and iron oxides Nanoparticles.

To be best of our knowledge there no systematic work on PVDF/γ-SWCNTs/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposites in the literature. The effect of CNTs and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were especially studied in current research work. Focusing on the insulating behavior of PVDF and conductive role of the system by the incorporation of nanofillers.

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Article source : A multifunctional poly( vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites reinforced with single walled carbonnanotubes and iron oxide nanoparticles