%20Fiber%20Size%20with%206%25%20NaOH%20treatmen.JPG "(a) Fiber Size with 6% NaOH treatment, (b) Bleaching before ultra-sonication, (c) After ultra-sonication")
NH. Haryanti, Suryajaya,
L. Banowati, Amrullah, and Tetti N. Manik, from the institute of Indonesia.
wrote a Research article about, Using Eleocharis dulcis Fibers for Stronger
Composites. Entitled, The long microfiber of Water-chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
as composite reinforcing material. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal
Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For
Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research
journal publisher.
Abstract
This preliminary
research used long microfiber from water chesnut (Eleocharis dulcis) which is a
weed plant in South Kalimantan, as a composite reinforcement material. This
study aimed to study the effect of 6% NaOH alkalizing treatment and
ultra-sonication on the properties of a long microfiber of water chesnut,
especially for their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Firstly, the
fiber of water chesnut was alkalizing by NaOH. This 6% NaOH treatment has
reduced the moisture content of the fibers and their chemical components
(lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) while the density and tensile strength
of the fibers were increased. The process continued by bleaching and
ultra-sonication the fiber to create a long microfiber. The water content of
fibers after alkalizing treatment and ultra-sonication has met the SNI
standard. Alkalizing treatment reduced the fiber size by 373.05 mm, and in the
form of microfiber, before ultra-sonication was 4.28-5.96 mm and after
ultra-sonication was 3.17-4.00 mm. The tensile strength of long microfiber
could not measure but after alkalized, it increased significantly, from 354.25
to 3,282.10 MPa. Therefore, it is recommended that this long water chesnut
microfiber is very good when used as a reinforcing material in the manufacture
of composites because it will blend better with the matrix.
Read more : Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide | InformativeBD
Introduction
Composites are a
combination of two or more materials that have functions and uses as
reinforcement and matrix. The use of natural fibers as composite reinforcement
is an alternative material to replace metal materials. Natural fiber has
several advantages such as: low density, biodegradable, and has good mechanical
properties and most importantly environmentally friendly (Wang, 2003; Mallick,
2007). Natural fibers found in South Kalimantan are water chesnut (Purun
tikus), bundung, bemban, water hyacinth, and others. Water chesnut or
Eleocharis dulcis is a wild plant that can well adapt in waterlogged areas, both
in tidal swamps, lowland swamps and rice fields. Water chesnut can grow in
acidic soils with a pH of 2.5-3.5 (Rosyidah et al., 2018). This plant has a
fairly strong fiber because it has a rope-like fiber texture that can exceed
the tensile strength of rattan or bamboo (Asikin and Thamrin, 2012; Firda and
Fuad, 2020).
For many years, the
water chesnut has been used by local community just for making mats (Asikin
& Thamrin, 2012). Several studies have done for the possible potential of
water chesnut such as biofilter (Prihatini et al., 2011), heavy metal absorber
(Asikin & Thamrin, 2012), activated carbon (Suryajaya et al., 2020), and
cement board composite material (Haryanti & Wardhana, 2017; Wardhana &
Haryanti, 2017). Alkalizing treatment is the most common and best method in
processing natural fibers to be used as a composite reinforcement material to
improve the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the fiber. The
purpose of alkalizing is to break down the lignin structure, break down
cellulose bonds, increase the porosity of the material, break down
hemicellulose and depolymerize hemicellulose. From several studies that have
been carried out, no one has used long fiber of water chesnut as a reinforcing
material in the manufacture of composites. Besides that, research on the
treatment of alkalization on long fibers of water chesnut to microfiber-shaped
fibers has not been carried out. The size of the fiber affects the performance
of the composite, as the diameter become smaller, the tensile strength would
increase. It is caused by smaller voids in the fiber which in turn caused many
intermolecular bonds, thus increasing its strength (Saidah et al., 2018). It
could be concluded that microfiber would be better in used than normal fiber.
The natural fibers can be made into microfiber by isolating cellulose through
the process of alkalization and ultra-sonication. In this article, alkalization
and ultra-sonication treatments were carried out on natural fibers of water
chesnut using long and straight fibers with a size of 20cm and this is the
novelty of this study.
Ultrasonic treatment of
cellulose could reduce porosity. Furthermore, it also increases fiber
dispersion in the matrix and adhesion between matrix and fiber thus resulting
in high tensile strength. In order to get a fine and strong microfiber
dispersion, it is necessary to know the size of the microfiber and increase the
number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fiber in order to increase the
cellulose content (Kanoth et al., 2017; Abral, Putra, Asrofi, Park & Kim,
2018; Chen et al., 2011; Lismeri et al., 2018). Therefore, the purpose of this
study was to determine the characteristics (chemical, physical, mechanical),
functional groups and chemical content of water chestnut fiber and to make
microfibers with 6% NaOH alkalization for 3 hours and continued with the first
bleaching process using 5% NaOCl for 2 hours, the second bleaching process
using 4% KOH for 1 hour and continued by ultra-sonication process.
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