Vivian C. Peligro from the
different institute of the philippines. wrote a research article
about Coccinia Grandis: Antiangiogenic Activity in Duck Embryos.
entitled, "Antiangiogenic activity of Coccinia grandis ethanolic leaf
extract using the chorioallantoic membrane assay in anas platyrhynchos
embryos". This research paper published by the International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine | IJBB. an open access scholarly research
journal on Biomedicine. under the affiliation of the International
Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research
journal publisher.
Abstract
Vascular growth is
vital for every aspect of tumor growth. Coccinia grandis is one of
the medicinal plants in many countries because of its diverse ethnomedicinal
uses. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of C.
grandis ethanolic leaf extract using the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay
(CAM) in Anas platyrhynchos. Thirty pieces of six-day-old duck eggs were
used in the study with triplicates in each treatment namely: positive control
(vitamin A), negative control (ethanol), and C. grandis ethanolic
extracts in 1µg/mL, 3µg/mL, and 5µg/mL. These were then applied to six-day old
duck embryos and were incubated at 37°C with 65.5% humidity. The eggs were then
harvested on the tenth day of incubation. The antiangiogenic effect of C.
grandis ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated by taking the average number
of branch points using the chorioallantoic membrane. Results revealed that in
negative control angiogenesis was induced while in the different treatments of
the ethanolic leaf extracts, inhibition reduced significantly. Statistical
analysis supports that there was a significant difference in the antiangiogenic
effect of C. grandis ethanolic leaf extract using the CAM assay on
the vascularization of duck embryos. It showed that the higher the dosage, the
lesser the branch points and the smaller the ducks. Further, C.
grandis ethanolic leaf extract contains alkaloids and tannins which are
responsible for the anti-angiogenic property and antiproliferative effects of
the extract. Thus, it indicated that C. grandis ethanolic leaf
extract may have a potential and promising source of chemotherapeutic agent
against tumors.
Introduction
Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt, commonly known
as ivy gourd and the scarlet gourd is native in North- Central East Africa. It
has been introduced and naturalized in different parts of tropical Asia,
Pacific, and Americas (Chun 2001). It also occurs as a naturalized weed in the
degraded land, fields and roadsides of Fiji (Smith, 1981). In addition,
agricultural and residential areas were being covered by this plant (Chun
2001).
Many traditional
medicinal practitioners from many countries considered C. grandis a medicinal
plant because of its diverse ethnomedicinal uses. C. grandis is well-known for
its several medicinal uses namely anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial,
antifungal, antileishmanic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antitussive,
antiulcer, analgesic, antipyretic, antianaphylactic, and anti-cancer properties
(Kirtikar and Basu, 1994; Yadav et al., 2010; Tamilselvan et al., 2011;
Pekamwar et al., 2013; Gill et al., 2014; Nagare et al., 2015; Sakharkar et
al., 2017). In addition, C. grandis ethanol leaf extract produced significant
in vivo anticancer activity (Bhattacharya et al., 2011). This was validated by
numerous scientific reports on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological
activities of the plants (Monalisa et al., 2014). Its leaf extract was found to
have alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, sterol and tannins (Alamgir
et al., 2014) which suggests that the plant can be a candidate for further
studies towards isolation of efficacious therapeutic agents (Monalisa et al.,
2014).
Choriollantoic membrane (CAM) model is widely
used research tool in studying the morpho-functional aspects of angiogenesis in
vivo and investigating the activity of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic
molecules due to its extensive vascularization (Ribatti, 2012). It is also
suitable for tumor engraftment to study various aspects of the angiogenic and
metastatic potential of human malignancies (Ribatti, 20012; Lokman et al.,
2012) such as glioma (Westhoff et al., 2013; Warnock et al., 2013; Miranda et al.,
2013), colorectal cancer (Ankri et al., 2013; Subauste et al., 2009), leukemia
(Taizi et al., 2006), ovarian cancer ((Lokman et al., 2012), prostate cancer
(Wittig et al., 2011; Conn et al., 2009), and osteosarcoma (Balke et al., 2010)
because of its fully developed immune system in the chick embryo (Ribatti,
2012; Palmer et al., 2011).
Moreover, angiogenesis
is the development of new capillary blood vessels in the body (Vinoth Prabhu et
al., 2011) that sprouts from endothelium, where there is endothelial cell
migration, tube formation and proliferation (Lokman et al., 2012). Seventy-two
to ninety-six hours (72-96 hr), the reaction was observed after stimulation of
the increasing vessel density around the implant, with the blood vessels
radially joining onto the center like spokes in a wheel (Tufan,
Satiroglu-Tufan, 2005). Hence, there is a flareup in the field of research for
potential antiangiogeniic agents because of the success of antiangiogenic
therapy for treating cancer (Lokman et al., 2012). Diseases such as cancer is
an example of wherein extreme angiogenesis occurs. Thus, natural products have
been discovered as angiogenesis inhibitors to treat cancer (VinothPrabhu,
2011). Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the antiangiogenic property of C.
grandis ethanolic leaf extract using duck embryo CAM assay.
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