Fungal Isolates: Inhibitory Indices Against Mycotoxins | InformativeBD

Mwatabu M. Edward, Were J. Omondi , Chiveu J. Chemulanga and Ochieng E. Ouma from the different institute of the Kenya, wrote a research article about Fungal Isolates: Inhibitory Indices Against Mycotoxins, about, In-vitro Inhibitory Indices of Selected Fungal Isolates against Mycotoxin Fungi. This research paper published by the International Journal of Mycrobiology and Mycology | IJMM.an open access scholarly research journal on Mycrobiology  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Limited fungal-based biocontrol products are available for use against mycotoxins in food and feed industry in Kenya. In filling this gap, in-vitro inhibitory assessment of six mycotoxin and nine non-mycotoxin species isolated from Western Kenya were placed on growth media using dual and modified plating techniques to determine the percentage inhibitions, capacity to form inhibition zones and degree of general antagonism on growth of mycotoxin fungi. The cultures were incubated at 25-27oC under 12-hour dark and 12-hour light conditions aseptically. Observations were made 10 days after incubation. Fungal isolates tested for their antagonistic effect on mycotoxin fungi were MCMT4b, MCMT3, MCHB2, T. harzianum, Monascus species, Biatrospora species, P. endophytica, C. olivaceum, and Epichloe species. Mycotoxin fungi tested were A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, P. corrylophillum, P. auratiogriseum and A. niger. More than 80% growth inhibitory indices against mycotoxin fungi were expressed by T. harzianum, MCMT3, MCMT4b and Monascus species. Also, MCMT3, MCMT4b and Monascus species formed the largest inhibition zones against mycotoxin fungi. Fungal isolates MCMT3, MCMT4b, Monascus species and T. harzianum have growth suppression effect against A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. niger, P. corrylophillum, and P. auratiogriseum in-vitro. More elaborate identification of the unidentified fungi, genetic characterization and field efficacy assessments of these isolates is recommended. 

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Introduction

Food and feed safety is a global challenge due to mycotoxin contamination in warm regions across the globe (Eshelli et al., 2018; Truong et al., 2022). It is a significant challenge to sustain quality food and feed production, especially in most areas of sub-Saharan Africa (Nleya et al., 2018). However, it is nearing a catastrophic level in Kenya, with the country now ranking high in terms of severity and frequency of mycotoxin poisoning, often with human fatality (Kimanya, 2015; Tan, 2020). Mycotoxins are of high importance because they contribute to grain nutritional and quality losses of up to I billion metric tons on world's agricultural produce yearly (Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye, 2020). For example, exposure of humans to aflatoxins at even at low levels can cause cancer and several other health complications, but death is often the result of high and acute level exposure (Awuchi et al., 2020; Muthomi, 2018). The mycotoxin problem cuts across the agricultural value chain, affecting farmers, traders, markets, and consumers (animals and humans) (Danso et al., 2018). 

For sustainable management of these toxins around the world, very few approved biological control products are available to manage mycotoxins in grains at preharvest globally. For instance, in 2015, the first fungal biocontrol product, AflaSafe KE01TM, was developed for use in Kenya (Migwi et al., 2020). However, prior to efficacy testing of potential bio-control agents against mycotoxin-producing fungi, testing the target and non-target effect of fungal interactions between the toxin producers (toxigenic) and nonproducers (atoxigenic) is necessary (Degola et al., 2021; Mylroie et al., 2016). 

For effective development of efficacious biocontrol agent, the abundance and distribution of fungi by their geographical location in three major crop-producing regions of Kenya were classified (Salano, 2015). However, since the aflatoxin problem is still persistent in Kenya, it is For effective development of efficacious biocontrol agent, the abundance and distribution of fungi by their geographical location in three major crop-producing regions of Kenya were classified (Salano, 2015). However, since the aflatoxin problem is still persistent in Kenya, it is essential to identify additional efficacious biocontrol agents (fungi) with broad spectrum activity against a wide range of mycotoxin fungi. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the in-vitro inhibitory capacities of selected fungal species against mycotoxin-producing fungal isolates obtained from Western Kenya.

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