Khalida Bahadar, Anjum Munir, Shahzad Asad, Madiha Zainab, Qurat ul Ain, Kokab Jabeen, and Alia Mushtaq, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts. Entitled, Comparative antifungal study of cadaghi gum (Eucalyptus torelliana F) flowering buds, leaves and bark extracts against foliar blight pathogen in control conditions. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
The present study
objective was to evaluate and compare the utmost antifungal activity by
screening different parts of Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell.
(Cadaghi) have been successively extracted in a variety of solvents against
most hostile isolate of Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. In-vitro bioassay
conducted with crude extracts at different concentrations (1%, 05% & 10%)
for radial mycelial growth, inhibition zone and biomass production of B.
sorokiniana. Inhibition of pathogen was check by food poison technique and well
diffusion assay in seeded agar plates. Colony growth inhibition due to leaves
extracted in ethanol (76%) and methanol components of flower buds (75%) had
been found to get higher than both ethanol and methanol extracts of bark (58%).
Likewise for aqueous ingredients bark and leaf proved higher inhibition (52%
& 50%) compare to flower buds. The inhibition zone observed for flowering
buds were 29.15±0.88; 27.40±1.25; 26.15±1.03 and 0.00±0.00mm at highest
concentration (5.3mg/100μl) for methanol, ethanol, aqueous and control
treatments respectively against B. sorokiniana. The highest decrease
found in hyphae fresh and dry weight (0.026 & 0.02g) treated with flower
bud methanol extract in contrast of aqueous extracts (2.28 & 2.23g).
Length/width of extract treated conidia (30±2.88/20±1.91μm) and conidiophores
(111±16.42/5.50±0.56μm) have been significantly decreased with respect of
control treated conidia 77±0.54/25±0.15μm and conidiophores
141±1.69/7.33±0.44μm. The average numbers of septa within treated conidia were
basically 2-6 in control 2-7 had been observed. Really small variations were
seen in colony color, margin, texture and hyphae thickness in extract treated
and control treatments.
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Introduction
Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) is affected by different fungal disease e.g Stem rust (Puccinia
graminis f. sp. Tritici), Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici),
Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), Powdery mildew (Blumaria graminis f. sp.
Tritici) Loose smut (Ustilago tritici), Downy mildew (Sclerophthora
macrospora), Septoria tritici blotch (Septoria tritici) and Fusarium head
blight (Fusarium graminearum). Among these diseases, Spot blotch caused by
Bipolaris sorokiniana is of severe concern all around the world particularly to
south Asia and south America due to its wide spread, occurrence and rising
severity (Joshi et al., 2002). It causes seedling blight, root rot and spot
blotch of wheat. An initially very small, dark brown lesion without chlorotic
margin appears. After that, these lesions enlarge in oval to elongated blotches
up to several centimeters, light brown to dark brown in colour and resulting
death of the leaf. Fruiting bodies are generally observed on old lesions.
Shriveled grain and black pointed seed results if infection reached to spikelet
(Duveiller and Dubin 2002).
The ideal condition for
the development of spot blotch are 85-100% humidity and 20-30⁰C temperature for
a long duration of 12-24 hours specially when host leaves are wet either by
rainfall, irrigation or dew. If conditions are best germination of conidia
completed within four hours on host leaf surface and infects new host plant
within 24 hours. Sources of inoculum for this disease are infected seeds; air,
crop residues and soil also contain conidia that survive when temperature and
humidity are appropriate. The host range of B. sorokiniana are mostly small
grain cereals, like Triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Sorghum
bicolor and a large number of wild grasses. Several plant species other than
monocotyledons including Brassica compestris, Glycine max, Lens culinaris,
Vigna radiata, Sesamum indicum, Vigna mungo and Pennisetum amaricanum are
identified as the host of B. sorokiniana. Iftikhar et al. (2012) stated spot
blotch of wheat to be of economic importance. This disease causes yield losses
of 10-30% and these yield losses dependent on heat, late sowing and low
fertilizers uses. Significant losses due to spot blotch disease in wheat crops
were reported by Rattu et al. (2011) in Pakistan. According to them spot blotch
disease prevalence on five commercial varieties of wheat i.e. Bhakkar-2001,
Inqilab -91, Faisalabad-08, Lasani-08 and Seher-2006, was 100%, 14%, 10%, 5%
and 3% respectively.
Spot blotch is
controlled generally by the application of agrochemicals. But, in recent years,
there are rising concern associated with farming methods that are feasible both
environmentally and economically. Natural plant products are important sources
of new agrochemicals for the control of plant diseases (Kagale et al., 2004).
Studies revealed that plants (oil & extracts) contain natural ingredients
that are efficient against disease managements (Goussous et al., 2010). This
disease management can be achieved by direct toxic effects of active
ingredients. These natural substances can inhibit the mycelial growth or slow
down the spore germination and generate the resistance induced by physiological
changes in the plant, such as stimulation of pathogenesis-related enzymes,
lignifications and phytoalexins (SchwanEstrada & Stangarlin, 2005). Garlic
extract reduce germination of spores more than 50% and induced modifications in
the morphology of hyphae and conidia of B. sorokiniana Perello et al. (2012).
Therefore the objective of present study was to investigate the efficiency of
Eucalyptus torelliana leaf, bark and flowering buds extracts against the
management of spot blotch of wheat under in-vitro conditions.
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