Spotting the Signs: Indexing Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease in Pakistani Wheat | InformativeBD

Abdul Qadir, Gulshan Irshad, Salman Ghuffar,  Muhammad Shahid,  Khalid Mehmood, Abdul Sattar, Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan, Abdul Mannan Hamzah, Hafiz Muhammad Asadullah, and Muhammad Faizan Manzoor, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Spotting the Signs: Indexing Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease in Pakistani Wheat . entitled, Symptom based indexing of barley yellow dwarf disease infecting wheat in Pakistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major staple grain food of Pakistan and is prone to many pathological diseases especially viral diseases are among the biotic factors inflicting huge economic losses. Every year Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) causes substantial losses to wheat crop. In this study, during survey 2013-14, a total of 210 samples examined from different wheat growing areas of Pakistan, 180 samples showing typical barley yellow dwarf viral symptoms following (90) yellowing tip Yt, (45) stunted growth St, (32) reddening Rd and (13) showed curling Cr. The symptom based indexing study can play an important role in the identification of BYDV and further epidemiological studies.

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Introduction

Wheat is an important cereal crop in Pakistan having annual production of 24.2 million tons. Burgeoning population of the country demands increase in its production that is hindered by a number of pests, pathogens and environmental stresses. Among the yield limiting constraints, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is important, inflicting approximately 75% wheat production losses in diseased crop nationally (Bux, 2012). The disease was first identified in Pakistan in 1964 (Aslam and Ahmad, 1987). From 1985 onwards, the disease became more pronounced in wheat, barley, and oats (Khalid et al., 1992). Barley yellow dwarf is a significant small grain viral disease and was first recognized by Oswald in the United States in 1951 (Oswald and Houston, 1951). In several areas of cereal production in the world, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus is recognized globally as one of the most prevalent and harmful diseases of cereal grain crops such as barley, wheat, oat and rye (Ohm et al., 2005). The virus spreads by nature through various strains of aphid vector (Wang et al., 2001).

Weeds and voluntary cereal are the primary inoculum of the virus. BYDV manifests foliage coloration, slowed development owing to space decrease, inhibits plant development, decreased tiller ability, suppress heading and increases the sterility of the flower (Haber, 1995). These symptoms lead to significant loss of yield of up to 80%. Typically, these infections cause plant growth to stop and less until tillage when the development begins again in spring. The most prominent symptom of the early season plant is generally discoloration of the leaves. The leaves may be red to purple and pinkish to brown in different shades. As the diseased plant continues to grow, old leaves typically start to die from their tip and may appear leathery while new leaves start to discoloration (Hammond et al., 2008). The BYDV infects a variety of plants throughout the Poaceae family including major crops weed, barley, oats, sometimes rice and maize causing considerable losses worldwide every year (Lister and Ranier, 1995). However, the yield may decrease between 10 and 20 percent in early infection (Simon and Roger, 2005).

Keeping in all the view present study was to investigate the symptoms based observation of Barley yellow dwarf disease causing infection on wheat crops in Pakistan which can helpful for further epidemiological studies.

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