Saharan Flood Risk: Bechar Region Case Study | InformativeBD

Mohammed Madi , Mohammed Amin Hafnaoui, Ali Hachemi, Mosbah Ben Said, Abderrahmane Noui, Abdelhalim Mghezzi Chaa, Nora Bouchahm, and Yacine Farhi from the different institute of the Algeria, wrote a research article about Saharan Flood Risk: Bechar Region Case Study entitled,"Flood risk assessment in Saharan regions. A case study (Bechar region, Algeria)". This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES an open access scholarly researcj journal on Biodiversity, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences |INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Intensive storm rainfall induced flooding is one of the most severe and devastating natural disasters in arid regions. In recent years, urban expansion and consolidation, changing demographic features within floodplains makes the urban environment transformed dramatically and results in additional flood risks. In this research, Gumbel’s distribution was used to analyze maximum daily precipitation data from 1963 to 2012 (49 year) and calculate maximum instantaneous flows with different return periods, namely, 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, 100-, and 1000-year. The peak flows from precipitation frequency analysis were input into the hydraulic models (HEC-RAS) to find the corresponding flood extents in a study area located in the upstream of Bechar basin. The results from HEC-RAS model were then used in integration with ArcGIS to compile a floodplain maps. Flood extents through floodplain maps, areas that are vulnerable to flooding hazards have been identified. Floodplain map analysis indicated that 2.679km2 with the percentage of 23% is likely to be flooded under 100 year return period flood. In addition, show that the traffic roads and buildings surroundings Ephemeral river are more susceptible to flooding. Based on the results of this analysis, assist planners and policy makers can develop an effective strategy of flood management related to Ephemeral River overflowing through Bechar city.

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Introduction

Saharan regions defined as areas where water is limited and most scarce. The term arid region in a geomorphology and natural vegetation context is applied to the area where rainfall will not be sufficient for regular rain-fed farming (FAO, 1981). Moreover, on climatologically data (e.g., precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and radiation) has taken the ratio of annual potential evapotranspiration to annual precipitation (UNESCO, 1979). In arid region, the floods are extremely beneficial event, because they are the main source of groundwater recharge along drainage basins, where there are no human settlement or urban area exposed to flood danger (Şen, 2018). However, floods are the most hazardous natural disasters; they are governed by various factors, including rainfall characteristics, drainage systems, land-use and water management in river basins (Chang et al., 2013). The societies in arid regions suffers from floods that are responsible for the loss of their life and property. Floods in these regions are an abnormal and infrequently recurrent phenomenon not only due to the extreme and highly variable of hydrological regime, but more significant due to human settlement along flood dangerous areas. Algeria’s Sahara regions are not protect from the risk of such events. The most common types of floods in Algeria’s Sahara regions include flash floods from the overflowing ephemeral rivers, rain floods due to poor drainage system. Furthermore, Flash floods is characterized by short duration, small areal extent, high flood peaks and rapid flows (UNESCO, 1999); can be caused important economic damage, a severe blow to regional development and the main source of erosion and accidental pollution. In other words, flash floods are a poorly understood phenomenon (Lin, 1999). More recently, Algeria's Sahara regions witnessed disastrous floods, among these regions, Adrar (October 2004, January 2009 and August 2013), Ghardaïa (October 2008 and January 2009), Biskra (September 2009), Bechar (October 2008), El Bayadh (October 2011), Tamanrasset (March 2015) and Tindouf (October 2015), were marked by an extent of human and material damage (Hafnaoui et al., 2009; Hachemi and Benkhaled, 2016). Property damage and human injury caused by flooding have growing in recent decades worldwide, and it expected that flood risks increase continuously because of climate change and population growth, as well as increase of economic wealth (Te Linde et al., 2010). How to assess future flood risk quantitatively and how to reduce flood danger and hazard are the key questions of the research on flood risks. Risks are the potential or possibilities that something bad will happen because of the hazards (Shroder, 2014), indexed by the average annual flood loss and calculated by combining the probability density function of flood magnitudes with a function relating flood magnitude to flood loss (Arnell and Gosling, 2014). The study on risk assessment and damage areas caused by hazardous natural disasters is very important to make strategies for preventing and mitigating flood damage (Popovska and Ivanoski, 2009). According to Hirsch and Ryberg (2012), effective flood mitigation strategies depend on accurate assessments of flood risk. Assessment of a flood requires knowledge from meteorology, surface water hydrology and hydrogeology disciplines (Şen, 2018). One of the crucial factor for flood prone region short term and long-term protections has been the use of flood mapping. Flood mapping is one of the most important measures for preventing flood loss potential (Yoshino and Yoshikawa, 1985), and is limited to flood prone hazard mapping (De Moel et al., 2009). In addition, detailed flood risk mapping is necessary to reduce the hazards of flooding (Safaripour et al., 2012). For this reason, the realization of this map requires carrying out hydrological analysis, including determining design flows and flood hydrographs, and using the tools, as well as the hydraulic models (HEC-RAS) based on geographic information system, GIS (Evans et al., 2002).

In recent years, a number of researchers have shown an increased interest in floods risks in several parts of the world using different techniques, due to their influence on the human being and natural environment. For instance, Hafnaoui et al., (2009) examined the impact of climate and morphological factors affecting the flood in Doucen-Biskra region. Four years later, Hafnaoui et al., studied the vulnerability mapping of flooded area in the same region. Bashir et al., (2010) integrated hydrological models with GIS to estimate the flood zone of Nullah Lai in Rawalpindi.

Arnell and Gosling (2014) assessed the implications of climate change for a number of indicators of flood hazard, across the global domain, and the effect of climate model uncertainty by using scenarios constructed from a wide range of climate models. Yamani et al., (2016) combined hydrological and hydraulic models to fix the areas vulnerable to floods in the arid region Oued M’zab-Ghardaïa region. Sein and Myint (2016) integrated flood frequency analysis with HEC-RAS and GIS to prepare flood hazard maps of different return periods in Ayeyarwady River at Mandalay city in Myanmar. Thakur et al., (2017) used precipitation and land use to assess the extent of flood plain in Copper Slough Watershed in Champaign, Illinois. Hachemi et al., (2019) studied the effects of morphometric characteristics on flash flood response in the arid region wadi Deffa-El Bayadh. Hafnaoui et al., (2020) proposed a practical method based on rainfall values to determine flood-prone areas. In the present research, Bechar region has been selected as an investigator area in order to perform flood risk assessment using appropriate tools, such as HEC-RAS and digital elevation model (DEM) data collections in GIS Software, because it has witnessed abnormal flood event in October 2008 when about 84.6mm of rainfall in a couple of hours.

This event resulted in high impact damage to the human being and natural environment, and the inhabitants were in fear after each rainfall period. Thus, the main objectives of the research are to carry out detailed meteorological and land use information of the study area and to conduct hydraulic model to delineate a flood hazard map. Precipitation frequency analysis and results presented herein have the potential to assist planners, decision makers and relevant agencies to develop effective flood management strategies in the region.

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