SP. Manobala , S. Amutha, G. Sabeena, E. Amutha1, M. Sharmila and S. Rajaduraipandian from the different institute of the india, wrote a research article about, Orange Peel-Chitosan: Dye Adsorption in Aqueous Solutions, entitled, "Adsorption of dye from aqueous solutions by orange peel with Chitosan nanocomposite: Equilibrium studies".This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
This research focused on the development of adsorbents based on cheap, abundant, and locally available agricultural wastes in Tamil Nadu to adsorb dye from an aqueous solution. The goal of this study was to explore if chitosan-modified orange peel could be utilized as an adsorbent to remove colours from wastewater and if it could be employed as a traditional wastewater treatment approach in the textile sector. Using agricultural peel in decolouration technology has a lot of potential in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Super nanocomposite is made from orange peel waste combined with chitosan nanoparticles. The purpose of this batch adsorption experiment was to determine the effects of adsorbent dosages, pH, and temperature on dye adsorption from wastewater. The experiment showed that the maximum amount of dye adsorbed was 53.3mg/g at pH 6.9 with a Temperature (of 600 C) and the adsorbent dose amount of adsorbent was 1.0g/L. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was used to investigate the equilibrium adsorption behaviour. The usage of orange peel with Nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from solutions was demonstrated in this work. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in orange peels, chitosan, chitosan orange peel, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with orange peel waste were identified using FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques. Different types of Langmuir I, Langmuir II, Langmuir III, Langmuir IV, and the Freundlich model as adsorption isotherm models were investigated.
Introduction
Annual production of
textile dyes is estimated to beover 8×105 tonnes of which 10% are discharged
aseffluents (Zollinger, 1987). The release of these dyesin the water stream is
aesthetically undesirable andhas a serious environmental impact. Due to
theirintense colour, they reduce sunlight transmission intowater hence
affecting aquatic plants, which ultimatelydisturbs the aquatic ecosystem; in
addition, they aretoxic to humans also. The printing and textileindustry mainly
contribute to the discharge of dyeeffluent and the governments of different
countrieshave enacted strict rules controlling the discharge ofwaste. To
minimize pollution, manufacturers andgovernment officials are seeking for
solutions totackle the problem efficiently. People are looking for asystem that
can remove most of the colour andgenerate reusable water from the effluent.
Syntheticdyes are resistant to biological treatment and canproduce harmful
by-products during hydrolysis,oxidation, or other chemical reactions taking
place inthe wastewater (Li et al., 2007). Traditionaltechniques such as carbon
adsorption andcoagulation by chemical agents are non-destructiveand simply
transfer the contaminant from water toanother phase. A low-cost complete
mineralizationprocess for the azo dyes would find extensive use forthe
treatment of large volumes of wastewatergenerated from the textile industry.
There are severalmethods for dye removal which include chemicalcoagulation,
flocculation, chemical oxidation,photochemical degradation, membrane
filtration, andaerobic and anaerobic biological degradation but allof these
methods suffer from one or other limitations,and none of them were successful
in completelyremoving the colour from wastewater. Dyes can beeffectively
removed by the adsorption process; inwhich dissolved dye compounds attach
themselves tothe surface of adsorbents (Slokar et al., 1997; Neil etal., 1999;
Dizge et al., 2008).
The adsorption process/technique is widely used inthe removal of contaminants
from wastewater.Liquid–solid adsorption operations are concernedwith the
ability of certain solids to preferentiallyconcentrate specific substances from
solution ontotheir surfaces (Chen et al., 2007). This promotedsearch for an
alternative cost-effective adsorbent.Recently different low-cost adsorbents
includingsome industrial and agricultural wastes (GordanMcKay et al., 1985;
Namasivayam et al., 2001;Netpradit et al.,2003; Gordan McKay et al.,
1980;Namasivayam et al., 1992; Namasivayam et al., 1996;McKay et al., 1986)
such as fly ash, fuller’s earth,waste red mud, bentonite clay, metal
hydroxidesludge, peat, pith, cotton waste, rice husk, teakwoodbark, etc. have
been used but their effectiveness islimited and inferior to that of activated
carbon.Adsorption has been extensively used in industrialprocesses for either
separation or purification. Mostconventional adsorption plants use activated
carbon,which is an expensive material. Besides, there isgrowing interest in
searching for cheaper sources aslow-cost adsorbent materials for the adsorption
ofdyes such as coir pith, sugar cane dust, sawdust, andactivated carbon fibers
( Janos et al., 2003;Viraraghavan et al., 1999; Acemioglu et al., 2004;Mohan et
al., 2002; Al-Qodah, 2000 ) industrial solidwastes: fly ash, shale oil ash, and
so on.
Currently, traditional solutions for orange peel wastemanagement (landfilling,
composting, pectinextraction, animal feeding) are not economicallyattractive,
since they present many drawbacks.Traditional handling techniques are either
noteconomically attractive or discouraged by Europeanpolicy. As an alternative
to these technologies, othersaimed at recovering energy and resources
arecurrently receiving increasing attention. Theconsequential life cycle
assessment adopted in thiswork compares the environmental performance of
tenorange peel waste management scenarios ( Yoo et al.,2011) orange peel waste
use adsorption studies for theremoval of dyes from Industrial Effluents.
Chitosan isa polysaccharide that is a chitin chemical derivative.Chitin has
been isolated from mollusks, crabs,prawns, shrimp, crayfish, and lobsters,
among otherinvertebrates. Chitins are polymers made up of a
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose disaccharide connectedby a (1-4) bond.
Deacetylation of chitin with sufficient acetyl glucosamine units revealed
chitosan. Chitosanhas thus found its way into a variety of
applications,including adsorption, tissue regeneration, drugdelivery, biosensors,
and wound dressings.
The adsorption ability of methylene blue dye utilizingorange peel with chitosan
nanocomposite as anadsorbent from aqueous solutions was investigated inthis
study. Under equilibrium settings, the effects ofdoses, pH, and temperature on
the orange peel withchitosan nanocomposite were examined.
The adsorption equilibrium data are used to evaluatethe rate-limiting step of
methylene blue adsorptionsonto orange peel with chitosan nanocomposite.
Theexperimental data were computed using both theLangmuir (Different Types) and
Freundlichadsorption isotherms.
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