Spotting the Signs: Indexing Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease in Pakistani Wheat | InformativeBD

Abdul Qadir, Gulshan Irshad, Salman Ghuffar,  Muhammad Shahid,  Khalid Mehmood, Abdul Sattar, Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan, Abdul Mannan Hamzah, Hafiz Muhammad Asadullah, and Muhammad Faizan Manzoor, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Spotting the Signs: Indexing Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease in Pakistani Wheat . entitled, Symptom based indexing of barley yellow dwarf disease infecting wheat in Pakistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major staple grain food of Pakistan and is prone to many pathological diseases especially viral diseases are among the biotic factors inflicting huge economic losses. Every year Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) causes substantial losses to wheat crop. In this study, during survey 2013-14, a total of 210 samples examined from different wheat growing areas of Pakistan, 180 samples showing typical barley yellow dwarf viral symptoms following (90) yellowing tip Yt, (45) stunted growth St, (32) reddening Rd and (13) showed curling Cr. The symptom based indexing study can play an important role in the identification of BYDV and further epidemiological studies.

Read more : Hidden Pests in Grain: Mapping Acarofauna, Entomofauna, and Nematofauna in Senegalese Cereals |InformativeBD

Introduction

Wheat is an important cereal crop in Pakistan having annual production of 24.2 million tons. Burgeoning population of the country demands increase in its production that is hindered by a number of pests, pathogens and environmental stresses. Among the yield limiting constraints, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is important, inflicting approximately 75% wheat production losses in diseased crop nationally (Bux, 2012). The disease was first identified in Pakistan in 1964 (Aslam and Ahmad, 1987). From 1985 onwards, the disease became more pronounced in wheat, barley, and oats (Khalid et al., 1992). Barley yellow dwarf is a significant small grain viral disease and was first recognized by Oswald in the United States in 1951 (Oswald and Houston, 1951). In several areas of cereal production in the world, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus is recognized globally as one of the most prevalent and harmful diseases of cereal grain crops such as barley, wheat, oat and rye (Ohm et al., 2005). The virus spreads by nature through various strains of aphid vector (Wang et al., 2001).

Weeds and voluntary cereal are the primary inoculum of the virus. BYDV manifests foliage coloration, slowed development owing to space decrease, inhibits plant development, decreased tiller ability, suppress heading and increases the sterility of the flower (Haber, 1995). These symptoms lead to significant loss of yield of up to 80%. Typically, these infections cause plant growth to stop and less until tillage when the development begins again in spring. The most prominent symptom of the early season plant is generally discoloration of the leaves. The leaves may be red to purple and pinkish to brown in different shades. As the diseased plant continues to grow, old leaves typically start to die from their tip and may appear leathery while new leaves start to discoloration (Hammond et al., 2008). The BYDV infects a variety of plants throughout the Poaceae family including major crops weed, barley, oats, sometimes rice and maize causing considerable losses worldwide every year (Lister and Ranier, 1995). However, the yield may decrease between 10 and 20 percent in early infection (Simon and Roger, 2005).

Keeping in all the view present study was to investigate the symptoms based observation of Barley yellow dwarf disease causing infection on wheat crops in Pakistan which can helpful for further epidemiological studies.

Reference

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Bukvayova N, Henselova M, Vajcíkova V, Kormanova T. 2006. Occurrence of dwarf virus of winter wheat and barley in several regions of Slovakia during the growing seasons 2001-2004. Plant Soil And Environment 52(9), 392.

Bux H. 2012. A conspectus of Barley Yellow Dwarf in Pakistan. Archives of phytopathology and plant protection 45(19), 2335-2339.

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Article source : Symptom based indexing of barley yellow dwarf disease infecting wheat in Pakistan 

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Hidden Pests in Grain: Mapping Acarofauna, Entomofauna, and Nematofauna in Senegalese Cereals | InformativeBD

Mamecor Faye,  Aïssatou Tchimbane Diop,  Toffène Diome, and Mbacké Sembène, from the institute of Senegal. wrote a Research article about, Hidden Pests in Grain: Mapping Acarofauna, Entomofauna, and Nematofauna in Senegalese Cereals. Entitled, Contribution to the inventory of Acarofauna, Entomofauna and Nematofauna of imported or local cereals in Senegal. This research paper published by the InternationalJournal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was conducted during the period from December 2021 to February 2022 in the Dakar area. It was conducted to contribute to the inventory of acarofauna, entomofauna and nematofauna of imported or local cereals in Senegal. In this context, sampling was carried out in the markets of Sandaga, Tilène, Gueule Tapée and in village Diofior village. Thus, out of 16 samples of incubated cereal varieties, observation and identification of specimens obtained after sorting and extraction revealed the only presence of insects; mites and nematodes were not found in our stocks. Insects were composed of 961 specimens belonging to the Order Coleoptera (42.87%) with eight species Oryzaephilus surinamensis (14.98%), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (11.86%), Rhyzoperta dominica (8.63%), Sitophilus oryzae (5.20%), Tribolium castaneum (1.87%), Prostephanus truncatus, Carpophilus sp. and an unknown species (0.10%); the Order Lepidoptera with a single species Ephestia cautella (50.05%); the Order Psocoptera (5.93%), the Order Hymenoptera (0.72) and the Order Hemiptera (0,41). The species found in the last three orders were not identified. Results obtained showed that the local cereals are much more contaminated than imported ones. In addition, it also revealed an important diversity of insects in imported cereals, with a much more marked similarity between Senegal-Mali and China-Thailand.

Read more : Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents | InformativeBD

Introduction

Cereals are species generally cultivated for their grains whose starchy albumen, reduced to flour, is consumable by humans or domestic animals (Moule, 1971). Because of their energy source and high carbohydrate content, cereals provide 15% of our energy needs (Benhamimed and Chaoui, 2016). In Senegal, for example, as in most Sahel countries, the diet of populations is largely dominated by cereals, mainly millet, sorghum, maize and rice (Niang et al., 2017). These cereals provide basic food for more than 60% of the population (Ba, 2006). However, Senegal’s agricultural sector suffers from poor control of water resources, degradation of productive resources including soil, inputs (equipment, seeds, and fertilizers) and the lack of effective agricultural equipment. In other words, insufficient rural infrastructure limits agricultural production (Tendeng et al., 2017). As a result, in June 2013, only 41% of households had stock from their last harvest; which corresponded to about 20 days of consumption. On the other hand, these cereals are subject to many phytosanitary constraints related to arthropods and nematodes. For this reason, much work (Philogen et al., 1989; Ratnadass et al., 1989; Ashamo, 2006) refers to insect attacks and loss of cereal stocks (Guèye et al., 2011). The damage to cereal and pulse stocks caused by these depressing species has been the subject of much work in Africa and is highly harmful in many African countries. Dembelé (2020) has managed to make an inventory of insect pests encountered in the different varieties of rice stored in Senegal. But as a result of all this work (Mallamaire, 1965; Dembelé, 2020) carried out on stored cereals, the study on the inventory of acarofauna, entomofauna and nematofauna of imported or local cereals in Senegal has yet to be discussed, hence the importance of this study. The general objective of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of acarofauna, entomofauna and nematofauna of imported or local cereals in Senegal. This general objective is divided into several specific objectives: (i) identify acarofauna, entomofauna or nematofauna pests of imported or local cereals in Senegal; (ii) compare infestations of imported or local cereals in Senegal; (iii) determine the abundance of the listed species in the different varieties of imported or local cereals in Senegal; (iv) determine the specific diversities between the different countries.

Reference

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Benhamimed H, Chaoui FZ. 2015. Effets de l’incorporation de graines alimentaires sur les qualités technologiques de la farine de blé destinée à la panification. Mémoire de master II en sciences agronomiques, Option : Biotechnologie Alimentaire. Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis de Mostaganem, p 114.

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Guèye MT, Seck D, Wathelet JP, Lognay G. 2011. Lutte contre les ravageurs des stocks de céréales et de légumineuses au Sénégal et en Afrique occidentale: synthèse bibliographique. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement. Biotechnol Agro. Soc. Environ 1, p 183-194.

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Ncidi S. 2020. Potentiel bioinsecticide des huiles essentielles sur deux ravageurs des céréales stockées Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) et Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) et Identification de leurs ennemis naturels. Thèse de doctorat en sciences agronomiques, Spécialité: Phytiatrie. Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie. Ecole doctorale sciences et techniques de l’agronomie et de l’environnement, p 315.

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Philogene BJR, Armson JT, Lambert JDH. 1989. Facteurs contribuant à la protection du maïs contre les attaques de Sitophilus et Prostephanus Céréales en régions chaudes. Paris : Aupelf-Uref, John LibbeyEurotext, p 47-56.

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Tendeng T, Labou B, Djiba S, Diarra K. 2017. Actualisation de l’entomofaune des cultures maraîchères en Basse Casamance (Sénégal). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 11, p 1021-1028.

Zinha A. 2014. Entomofaune et évaluation des dégâts des insectes ravageurs de différentes formes de conservation du riz (Oryza sativa Linné) au Sud-Bénin. Rapport de fin formation professionnelle. Université d’Abomey-Calavi, p 35.

Article source : Contribution to the inventory of Acarofauna, Entomofauna and Nematofauna of imported or localcereals in Senegal 

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Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents | InformativeBD

Maryam Yousaf, from the institute of Pakistan. Salman Ahmad, from the institute of Pakistan and Romana Anjum, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents. Entitled, Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with different bio-agents. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Tomato is an important fruit providing all essential nutrients. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), causing wilting in tomato plants. The mode of survival of this fungus is vascular; so not easy to control and identify at the beginning stage. Many chemicals are present in markets to control this disease but are expensive and are also causing hazardous effects on the lives of the people and the environment. Hence, there is a need to apply biological strategies to control this disease. In this experiment, six biological agents Fusicola incarnatum,Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium equisetti, Alternaria alternate and Nigrospora oryzae have been tested in vitro; among them, T. viride and F. incarnatum were found best to inhibited FOL, while after the application of bioagents T. viride and F. incarnatum in vivo. The present results showed that T. viride and F. incarnatum can control FOL.

Read more : Starting Strong: Optimizing Micropropagation Protocols for Sugarcane US-718 | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is a member of Solanaceae family. It is mostly available all over the world (Pritesh et al., 2011). It was found 1st time in Mexico and Perue (Verma et al., 2018). Tomato production in the world is 130 million tons while its area is about 160 thousand hectares. The crop is cultivated in Pakistan on 63 thousand hectors and production is 95279 kg/ha (FAO, 2018).

Tomato is essential in our food as salads, cooked with vegetables like tomato puree, sauces, and is used in making ketchup. It is providing important vitamins like A and C (Abdullah et al., 2013). Tomatoes are a good source of lycopene, which prevents cancer, heart disorders and age-related disorders (AVRDC, 2003). Tomato is very necessary to our lives because it has important amino acids, glucose, fructose, and minerals which include Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Cu and S. It is an important source of proteins, minerals, fibers and carbohydrates, which have following ratios 1.9 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g and 3.7 g per 100 g of edible portion, respectively (Nikhate, 2012).

FOL is a very devastating fungus and its widespread is all over the world. This fungus causes tomato wilt in tomato (Abdallah et al., 2016) and losses due to this disease are 10 to 50% in tomato (Ghazalibiglar et al., 2016). This fungus is not easy to handle due to its mode of survival in the vascular system. It is the reason why the effectiveness of fungicides is less against this fungus (Verma et al., 2018). Among all soil-borne fungi, FOL plays a significant role in causing diseases in plants due to its saprophytic nature which enables it to survive for a longer time on the organic matter (Fravel et al., 2003).

Different chemicals are being used for the control of pests and pathogens, but these chemicals are very costly and dangerous for the environment (Song et al., 2001). The extreme use of chemicals causes effects on the non-target population, makes the pathogens resistant which enables them to live many years and thus remains a continuous threat for the crops (Bawa 2016).

For the last two decades, biological methods for the control of plant diseases have been very common (Omar et al., 2016) and considered as safe strategy; because, chemicals affect humans as well as animals leading towards ecological troubles (Banerjee et al., 2016).

Biological control is safe as well as effective for the control of diseases in plants. Trichoderma spp. are found in soil all over the world, their mode of living is free and highly compatible with roots, soil and foliar atmospheres. This fungus is famous due to having antibiotic properties against different pathogenic fungi (Omar et al., 2016). Trichoderma spp. compete with the fungal pathogens for nutrition and parasitism, degrade their cell wall, and produce resistance in the plants (Taghdiet al., 2015). The objective of the current research was to investigate the potential of different fungal antagonists against FOL in vitro and in vivo.

Reference

Abdullah A. 2013. Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. Neem Products and Carbendazim against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato in pot condition. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research 3, 73-80.

Akköprü A, Demir S. 2005. Biological control of Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium xysporum f.sp. lycopersici by AMF Glomus intraradices and some rhizobacteria. Journal of Phytopathology 153, 544-550.

Alwathnani HA, Perveen K. 2012. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by antagonist fungi and cyanobacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 1100-1105.

Akhtar T, Shakeel Q, Sarwar G, Muhammad S, Iftikhar Y, Ullah MI, Hannan A. 2017. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for the control of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Pakistan Journal of Botony 49, 769-774.

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Aydi Ben, Abdallah R, Jabnoun Khiareddine H, Nefzi A, Mokni Tlili S, Daami Remadi M. 2016. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt and growth promotion of tomato plants using endophytic bacteria isolated from Solanum elaeagnifolium stems. Journal of Phytopathology 164, 811-824.

Banerjee S, Kanti T, Narayan R. 2016. Identification and product optimization of amylolytic Rhodococcus opacus GAA 31 . 1 isolated from gut of Gryllotalpa africana. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 14, 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.005.

Bawa I. 2016. Management strategies of Fusariumwilt disease of tomatoincited byFusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.): A REVIEW. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences Technology & Engineering 2, 2488–9849.

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Ghazalibiglar H, Kandula DRW, Hampton JG. 2016. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma isolates. New Zealand Plant Protection 69, 57-63.

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Mj B, Bisen K, Keswani C, Hb S. 2017.  Biological management of Fusarium wilt of tomato using biofortified vermicompost. International Journal of Mycosphere 8,  467–483. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/3/8.

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Omar M, Alkasm J, Shukshuk H. 2016. Studies on tomato wilt disease in Zliten city Libya.  Journal of Humanities and Applied Science 28, 52-69.

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Prasad Verma N, Kishor Kuldeep Y, Kumar Sinha B. 2018. Efficacy of Indigenous Trichoderma Strain Bio-Control against of Fusarium sp. Tomato Plant Causal Agent of (Solanum lycopersicon L.) in vitro Condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, 1578–1584.

Song F, Goodman RM. 2001. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology 59, 1-11.

Sundaramoorthy S, Balabaskar P. 2013. Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 1, 36-40. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2013.1306.

Taghdi Y, Hermosa R, Domínguez S, Rubio MB, Essalmani H, Nicolás C, Monte E. 2015.  Effectiveness of composts and Trichoderma strains for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phyto-pathologia Mediterranea 54, 232.

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Villani A, Proctor RH, Kim HS, Brown DW, Logrieco AF, Amatulli MT, Susca A. 2019. Variation in secondary metabolite production potential in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex revealed by comparative analysis of 13 genomes. BMC genomics 20(1), 314.

Article source : Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with differentbio-agents 

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Starting Strong: Optimizing Micropropagation Protocols for Sugarcane US-718 | InformativeBD

Naseem Khatoon Bhurgri, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Starting Strong: Optimizing Micropropagation Protocols for Sugarcane US-718. Entitled, Initiation protocol optimization of (Saccharum officinarum L.) variety US- 718 through micropropagtion techniques. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The sugarcane varietyUS-718 experimentally was carried out in changed concentration of BAP and kinetin under established condition of invitro along with replications in complete randomized design. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimum concentration in presence of combination of BAP and kinetin under invitro condition .In MS neutering media the variety US-718 shown maximum result of 90.32% shoot initiation in 3.5#0.5 of shoots per explant in concentrations of 1.5mg/l BAP without kinetin exhibited a better response than other concentration.

Read more :  Fruit Tree Biodiversity: Endemic and Introduced Species in Samboja District |InformativeBD 

Introduction

Sugarcane belong to Poaceae family is a strong and major crop of Pakistan. It consists high sugar content. (Saccharum officinarum) contributes 60-70% of annual sugar production in the world (Shakra Jamil 2017). Sugarcane is a perennial grass family crops that reproduction through sexual and asexual modes. It reproduces asexually by three or two buds stem cutting called sets, and advanced methodologies of in vitro propagation by taking parts of it such as shoot tip, apical merited, axillary bud and leaf. It also reproduces through seed propagation via flower (Fuzz), which is used for breeding purposes (Sime M2013). The sugarcane is used in production of paper, antibiotics, dextran, waxes and fats, epoxy polymers and bio fertilizers as reported by DSD, 2013. FAO 2014 .The sugarcane is economically vital industrial crop and well propagated conservatively by sets, but enormous land requirement, potential transfers of pathogens through seed and conventional method from generation to generation are the main factors for low rate propagation The invitro propagation is a greatest substitute to overcome such factors and pave the way to produce disease free and enough amount of planting material. (Belet Getnet 2017).

Clonal propagation through tissue culture is the one of the extensively accepted methods used for the commercial production of genetically enhanced quality of crops (Tiwari et al., 2012). During tissue culture, pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria are exposed as contaminants and therefore can regularly be disposed of. Systemic viruses which are much more difficult to eliminate the sugarcane intensive persistent contamination has been frequently reported in many tissue culture system, despite, the use of strong surface sterilization treatments of explants (Anonymous. 2009). Micropropagtion is however actual subtle methods which needs sterile condition in each stage (0-4) specifically for establishment of surface sterilization of explants initiation and establishment of aseptic culture, multiplication, rooting and acclimatization. These steps manifested the sensitivity of tissue cultures techniques in determination of contamination and economic significance rather than conventional propagation. These techniques facilitates to grower to permit the sugar industry estates to produce adequate planting material with short time period and cost effective (Lakshman p. et al., 2006).

Shoot tip initiation observed at different concentration by BAP and Kin in many plant culture systems (G. Zahra et al., 2010). The success of the sugarcane tissue culture is also dependent of sugarcane varieties. (C. Ganonou et al., 2005), the tissue culturing medium and use of growth enhancer and regulators (V. Saharan et al 2004). Therefor the present study on sugarcane variety US-718 was carried out by plant tissue culture laboratory Khoski Sugar mill Badin, to detect the influence of dissimilar media compositions on the initiation of sugarcane variety US-718. We have also carried out optimization of initiation protocol for in vitro propagation of sugarcane variety US-718.

Reference

Anonymous. 2009. Cetrel and Novozymes to make biogas and electricity from Bagasse. Business wire.

Asare AT, Mensah SK, cheampong SA, Mensah TA. 2017. Screening and Determination of sterilization protocol and Optimum growth regulators for Micropropagtion of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Ghana. The international journal of science and technoledge. Vol 5, Issue 5

Belay Tolera, Mulugeta Diro, Berbew Belew. 2014. In invitro Aseptic culture establishment of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Varieties using shoot tip explants. Advances in crop Science and technology, Vol 2, Issue 3, 1000128.

Belet Getnet. 2017. Review on in vitro propagation of sugarcane to advance the value of tissue culture. Agriculture Research and technology open access Journal. Volume 5, Issue 4.

Biradar S, Biradar DP, Patil V, Patil SS, Kambar NS. 2009. Invitro plant regeneration using tip culture in commercial cultivar of sugarcane. Karnataka journal of Agriculture Science 22(1), 21-24.

Danso K E, Azu E, Elgba W, Amootey HM & Klu GYP. 2011. Effective decontamination and subsequent plantlet regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in vitro. International Journal of Integrative Biology 11(2), 90-96.

Directorate of sugarcane Development (DSD). 2013. Status paper on sugarcane. India: Ministry of Agriculture pp 1-16.

FAO. 2014. FAO Statistical year Book: Africa Food and Agriculture pp1-14.

Gandonou C, Erabii T, Abrani J, Idaomar M, Chibi F, and Skali Senhaji N. 2005. Effect of Genotype on callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf explant of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.). African Journal of Biotechnology, vol 4, no 11, pp.1250-1255.

George EF, Machakova I, Zazimalova E. 2008. Plant propagation by tissue culture. Third edition 175-205.

Lakshman P, Geijskes R, Wang L, Smith G, Elliott A. 2006. Developmental and hormonal regulation of direct shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Interspecfic hybrids) leaf culture. Plant cell Rep 25(10), 1007-1015.

Mekonen, Diro T, Sharma, Negr M. T. 2014. Protocol optimization of invitro propagation of two sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) clones grown in Ethiopia. African Journal of Biotechnology 13(12), 1358-1368.

Murashage T, Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco culture. Plant Physiol.15, 473-497.

Paudyal KP, Haq N. 2000. In vitro propagation of pummelo (Citrus grandis L Qsbeck). Invitro cell Dev Biol Plant 36, 511-516.

Sahran VRC, Yadav RC, Chapagain BP. 2004. High frequency plant regeneration from desiccated calli of Indica rice (Oryza Sativa). African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 3, no. 5 pp. 256-259, 25.

Shakra Jamil, Rahil Shahzad, Ghulam Mohyuddain Talha, Ghazala Sakhwat, Sajid- ur-Rehman, Razia Sultana, and Muhammad Zaffar Iqbal. 2017. Optimization of protocols for In vitro regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Hindawi International Journal of Agronomy Volume 2017, Article ID 2089381

Silva RP, Almeida WAB, Souza ES, Filho FAAM. 2006. Invitro organogenesis from adult tissue of Bahia sweet orang (Citrus sinensis). Fruit 61,367-371.

Sime M. 2013. The effect of different cane portions on sprouting growth and yield of sugarcane (Saccharum spp L,). International journal of Science Research publication 3(1), 338-341.

Singh R. 2003. Tissue culture studies of sugarcane. MSc. thesis submitted to the Institute of Engineering and technology.

Tiwari S, Arya A, Kumar S. 2012. Standardizing sterilization protocol and Establishment of Callus culture of Sugarcane for enhanced plant Regeneration in vitro. Research Journal of Botany 7(1), 1-6.

Zahra Jahangir G, Ahmad Nasir I, Ahmad Sial R, Aslam javid M, Hussain T. 2010. Various Hormonal supplementations Activate sugarcane Regeneration Invitro. Journal of Agricultural science, Vol 2 no. 4.

Source : Initiation protocol optimization of (Saccharum officinarum L.) variety US- 718 through micropropagtion techniques  

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Fruit Tree Biodiversity: Endemic and Introduced Species in Samboja District | InformativeBD

Rustam Baraq Noor, Marjenah, Arifien Bratawinata, and Paulus Matius, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Fruit Tree Biodiversity: Endemic and Introduced Species in Samboja District. Entitled, Habitat’s biodiversity of endemic and introduction fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Rustam Baraq Noor, Habitat’s biodiversity of endemic and exotic fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Endemic and Exotic fruit biodiversity studied was situated in Salok Api Darat Village and Amborawang Laut Village Samboja District. This research aimed to identify the biodiversity and adaptation capabilities. The execution was in July 2015 to December 2016. The data was collected using survey, exploration, field observation and an interview for the plantation’s owner. Fruit species in the habitat of Samboja shore studied were 54 species and what was found in the field was 39 species endemic fruit trees and 21 exotic fruit trees. Species of endemic fruit trees were Durio zibethinus, Mangifera odorata, Durio kutejensis, Lansium domesticum, Nephelium lappaceum, Mangifera kemanga, Artocarpus champaden, and eksotik namely Artocarpus integra, Artocarpus altilis. Adaptation capabilities on the new habitat for Mangifera indica exotic fruit tree, it was fond that the grafting was prone to stem drill pest. The findings of the research showed that habitat biodiversity of fruit plants growing around the field and plantation were dominated by fruit which were generatively multiplied had the morphological and generative advantages which made them able to live more than 50 years. The conclusion was Habitat’s biodiversity of fruit in Samboja District was dominated by endemic fruit by 72.22 (%) percent. Fruit cultivation was recommending using the seeds from quality fruit trees.

Read more : Cell Cycle Insights: Comparing Mitoticages in Bangladeshi Brassica Varieties St | InformativeBD

Introduction

Indonesia was a lucky country since it was situated in equator region that had a unique tropical forest with the highest biodiversity in the world (Whitmore, 1980). Plants biodiversity in Indonesia forest had not reached an exact number. Up until now, there were 30,000 species of flowered plants estimated which mostly were still growing wildly in forests across regions in Indonesia.

Rich of Biodiversities of the original fruit from Indonesia was also considered high and most of them had not been exploited well. Biodiversity of fruit plants in Kalimantan according to Uji (2007) was seen from a number of relatives, such as Bombacaceae which had 18 species and 14 of them were endemic, 31 species of Anacardiaceae relative for Mangifera and 3 of them were endemic (Kosterman and Bompard, 1993). Meanwhile, Uji (2005) mentioned that 23 species and 4 species of endemic as well as the center of species distribution of Mangifera spp. Next, Purwanto (2000) reported that much soil in Kalimantan was planted a number of Mango species, which had a sufficiently high Biodiversity such as Mangifera pajang. M. foetida, M indica, M. odorata. According to Soemarwoto (1989), habitat was a place for organisms (plants and animals). Based on Odum (1993); Heddy and Kurniati (1996), he explained that habitat was a communal place which covered biotic and abiotic environments.

Fruit Plantation was a means of individual or mixed trees or bushes planting. However, it was not for the purposes of harvesting, but to produce food supply (KBBI, 2016). There were also local or native plants known as endemic plants which were plants species that could only be found in one place or region and could not be found in other places (Sudarmono, 2007). Further, Nurbani (2013) demonstrated that Lai fruit (Durio kutejensis) was one of the examples of native fruit of Kalimantan, particularly, Kutai Kartanegara.

Furthermore, what was known as introduction species was a species deliberately or accidentally transported and released by humans to an outside ecosystem beyond its origin (McGinley, 2009). One instance of this species was avocado from Mexico. Samboja as the research site was one of the districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province which was a part of Kalimantan Island situated in Equator line 116o50’-117o14’ East Longitude and 0o52’-1 o08’ South Latitude with an area of 1.045.90 square kilometers wide. Whereas, Salok Api Darat Subdistrict was situated in the center of Samboja District and Amborawang Laut Subdistrict was situated by the shore of Balikpapan and Makassar Strait. Both areas were where the research was taking place.

Samboja District was inhabited by Javanese tribe communites on old transmigration region such as Margomulyo, Wonotirto, Amborawang Laut Subdistricts, Banjarnese tribes were on Sungai Seluang Subdistrict, Dayaknese tribes were on Paser in Salok Api Darat Subdistrict, Bugisnese tribes were on Kuala Samboja Subdistrict, Sundanese tribes were in Tanjung Harapan (BPS, 2015). Generally, Samboja District for Salok Api Darat Subdistrcit had a rather steep soil surface slope classification while Amborawang Laut had a flat classification with Utlisol kind of soil. Endemic and introduction fruit’s biodiversity on the research site was woody fruit plants which grew in Salok Api Darat and Amborawang Laut Subdistrict Samboja District. The purpose of this reseach was to gather information related to Habit Biodiversity level of endemic and introduction local fruit in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency East Kalimantan Province.

Reference

BPS Kukar. 2015.Kecamatan Samboja Dalam Angka 2015. Bureau of Central Statistics of   Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Tenggarong.

BPS Kukar. 2017. Kecamatan Samboja dalam Angka. Bureau of Central Statistics of Kutai Kartanegara. Tenggarong.

Foth DH. 1978. Fundamental of Soil Science. General Publishing Company, Ltd, 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mill, Toronto , Ontario. Canada. 74 pages.

Heddy S, Kurniati M. 1996. Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Ekologi. Suatu Bahasan tentang Kaidah Ekologi dan Penerapannya. Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. 271 pages.

Indriyanto. 2015. Ekologi Hutan. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. 210 pages.

KBBI. 2016. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.

Kurniawan,A dan Parikesit. 2008. Persebaran Jenis Pohon di Sepanjang Faktor Lingkungan di Cagar Alam Pananjung Pangandaran, Jawa Barat. Biodiversitas. Volume 9, Nomor 4.

Matius P. Setiawati & Pambudhi P. 2014. Petunjuk Tehnis Pembanguanan Kebun Buah Buahan (Lembo) Oleh Kepala Adat. Proyek Kerja Sama antara Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Kutai Barat dengan UPT Perhutanan Sosial (Center for Social Forestry) Universitas Mulawarman. Samarinda. 94 pages.

McGinley M, Duffy JE. 2010. Species Richness. In Cutler J. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. (Washington, D.C. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). Accessed on June 10, 2013.

Megawati TF, Kamarubuyana L, Endayani S. 2015. Inventarisasi dan Pemetaan Pohon Buah (edible Fruits) Asli Kalimantan Di Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda (KRUS). Jurnal Agrifor vol. xiv  No 2 October 2015.

Nurbani. 2013. Laporan Akhir Pendampingan Kawasan Hortikultura Kalimantan Timur. BPTP Kalimantan Timur.Samarinda. Year 2013.

Odum EP. 1996. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi (T. Samingan. Terjemahan). Gadjah Mada University Press.

Odum HT. 1992. Ekologi Sistem. Suatu Pengentar (terjemahan). Gadjah Mada University Press. 657 pages.

Purwanto Y. 2000. Etnobotani dan Konservasi Plasma Nutfah Hortikultura: Peran Sistem Pengetahuan Lokal pada Pengembangan dan Pengelolaannya. Prosiding Seminar Sehari. Hari Cinta Puspa & Satwa Nasional. Menggali Potensi dan Meningkatkan Prospek Tanaman Hortikultura Menuju Ketahanan Pangan. Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan. Bogor.

Sastrapradja SD, Rifai MA. 1989. Mengenal Sumber Pangan Nabati dan Sumber Plasma Nutfahnya. Komisi Pelestarian Plasma Nutfah Nasional dan Pulitbang Bioteknologi, LIPI Bogor.

Siebert B. 1991. Nephelium L. In: Verheij, E.W.M. & E. Coronel (eds.). Edible Fruits and Nuts. Nederlands, Pudoc Wageningen. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA).

Soemarwoto O. 1997. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan. Djembatan. Jakarta. 381 pages.

Sudarmono. 2007. Tumbuhan Endemik Tanah Serpentin. Biodiversitas Vol. 8, No.4. Hal. 330-335. UPT Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor.

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Uji T. 2007. Keanekaragaman Jenis Buah-buahan Asli Indonesia dan Potensinya. Biodiversitas vol. 8, no. 2 April 2007. Pusat Penelitian Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Bogor.

Whitmore TC. 1980. Potentially Economic Species of South-East Asia Forest. Bio Indonesia 7, 65-74.

Williams JT. Lamoureux CH, Soetjipto (eds.) WN. 1975. Proceeding AHAN of a Symposium on South-East Asia . Plant Genetic Resourches. LBN – LIPI, Bogor.

Zulkarnain. 2009. Dasar-dasar Hortikultura. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. 336 pages.

Article source : Habitat’s biodiversityof endemic and introduction fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency 

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Cell Cycle Insights: Comparing Mitoticages in Bangladeshi Brassica Varieties St | InformativeBD

Susmita Saha, from the institute of Bangladesh and Kazi Nahida Begum, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research article about, Cell Cycle Insights: Comparing Mitoticages in Bangladeshi Brassica Varieties St. entitled, A comparative analysis on mitotic interphase and prophase among twelve varieties of Brassica L. from Bangladesh: Brassicaceae. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Brassica L. is an agronomical and economical important crop belonging to Brassicaceae family. The research was conducted to interrelate interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of Brassica L. varieties. In the current analysis, the nature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of twelve BARI varieties of Brassica L. was investigated based on orcein-staining properties. In the interphase nuclei only ‘Diffuse type’ and ‘Simple Chromocenter type’ were found in Tori-7, Dawlat, BS-11, BS-14 and SS-75, Rai-5, BS-6, BS-7, BS-8, BS-10, BS-12, BS-15, respectively. Considering prophase chromosome among these studied twelve varieties, ‘Continuous type’ showed in Dawlat, Rai-5, BS-7, Bs-8, BS-11, BS-14 while BS-6, BS-10, BS-12 and BS-15 observed ‘Interstitial type’ and ‘Gradient type’ showed in Tori-7, and SS-75. Therefore, the orcein staining property of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome can provide essential information as cytological implement to discriminate the twelve analyzed Brassica L. varieties.

Read more : Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

Brassica L. is one of the most commercially important genus of Brassicaceae family which wildly distributed throughout the world. This genus mainly originated from close regions of Himalaya and then dispersed from Asia to European-Mediterranean territory (Downey and Robelen, 1989). About contrasting 37 species includes into the genus Brassica L. with divergent agronomic traits as vegetable and oilseed crops (Jahan et al., 2013). On the basis of divergent morphological characteristics and genetic diversity six interlinked species are found in the genus Brassica L., of which three amphidiploids species (B. carinata, B. juncea and B. napus) are evaluated from three diploid species, (Brassica campestris, B. nigra, and B. oleracea) (Nagahara, 1935). Among these six varieties, the four most widely cultivated species are Brassica campestris L., B. juncea (L.) Czern and Coss., B. napus L., and B. carinata Braun for oilseed and vegetables (Rakow, 2004).

Generally, the genus Brassica L. can be categorized into three groups: rapeseed, mustard and cole. Rapeseed-mustard is well known for edible oil and protein whereas cole is consumed as vegetables. As oil seed Brassica L. achieves second largest contributor role in global oil production after soybean (Raymer, 2002). Mustard oil is not only used for as cooking oil but also marinate food stuffs and salad dressings. Moreover, as an edible oil Brassica L. is worthier for human health due to the presence of linoleic acid (omega 3 fatty acid) and alpha linoleic acid (omega 3 fatty acid) (Mollika et al., 2011).

Brassica L. is an excellent source of potassium, phenolics, dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E as well as a renewable resource in the petro-chemical industry (Zhang et al., 2006).

The oil meal of Brassica L. has a quality value in beef and poultry ration as a protein supplement. According to Luciano and Holley (2009), the mustard has antibacterial and antifungal properties considering the substance similar to glucosinolate.

Brassinosteroids have a great influence to control both prostate and breast cancer which are highly distributed in pollen and seed of B. campestris and B. napus (Wachsman et al., 2012).

Due to the commercial values of Brassica L., a large number of tremendous investigations have been occurred for morphological, physiological and biochemical improvement in worldwide as well as Bangladesh (Zhang, 1996; Chen et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2001; Khan et al., 2002; Xiao et al., 2004; Liu, 2007; Mollika et al., 2011; Akbar and Begum, 2020; Paul et al., 2020). But still it is essential to know the cytological and cytogenetical information of a species because it plays a significant role to relevant its evolution and diversification (Ropiquet et al., 2008). Based on previous literature, researchers were concentrating to reveal the chromosomal information and molecular analysis of Brassica L. throughout the world (Takamine, 1916; Du et al., 1993; Olin-Fatih 1994; Cheng et al., 1995; Fukui et al., 1998; Kulak et al., 2002; Snowdon 2007; Fang et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2018). On account of small size chromosome, only chromosome number and classical cytogenetical information is insufficient for characterization of species or varieties (Begum and Alam, 2016). In such cases, the feature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome act as key cytological tool to characterization of any specimens. Therefore, the current investigation has been approached to reveal the nature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of mitotic cell division using orcein staining that should provide convenient information for disguising twelve BARI varieties of Brassica L., because this information is not available in the contemporary scientific literatures.

Reference

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Begum KN, Alam Sk S. 2016. Karyomorphological analysis with differential staining of nine Cicer Arietinum L. Varieties. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 45(2), 327-334.

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Du W, Chen QX, Mo H. 1993. Study on somatic chromosome karyotypes of Xinjiang wild rape, B. campestris, B. nigra and B. juncea. Journal of August 1st Agricultural College 16(4), 26-31.

Fang P, Chen FB, Yao QL. 2014. Karyotype analysis on three types of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea). Journal of Changjiang Vegetables 12, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1139/g95-039

Fukui K, Nagayama S, Ohmido N, Yoshiaki H, Yamabi M. 1998. Quantitative karyotyping of three diploid Brassica species by imaging methods and localization of 45S rDNA loci on the identified chromosomes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96, 325-330.

Hu XM, Chen ZJ, Wang BL. 2001.Comparison on leaf ultrastructure in cytoplasmic male sterile line for tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida). Journal of Zhejiang University 27, 535-540.

Jahan N, Bhuiyan SR, Talukder MZA, Alam MA, Parvin M. 2013. Genetic diversity analysis in Brassica rapa using morphological characters. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i1.15185

Khan MR, Rashid H, Quraishi A. 2002. Effect of various growth regulators on callus formation and regeneration in Brassica napus cv. Oscar. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 5, 693-695. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2002.693.695

Kulak S, Hasterok R, Maluszynska J. 2002. Karyotyping of Brassica amphidiploids using 5S and 25S rDNA as chromosome markers. Hereditas 136, 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360209.x

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Luciano FB, Holley RA. 2009.  Enzymatic inhibition by Allyl-isothiocyanate and factors affecting its antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli O157:H7. International Journal of Food Microbiology 131(2-3), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.005

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Paul M, Islam T, Hoque MI, Sarker RH. 2020. Analysis of genetic diversity in oilseed Brassica germplasm through ISSR markers and isozyme profiling. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49(1), 147-158.

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Article source : A comparative analysis on mitotic interphase and prophase among twelve varieties of Brassica L. from Bangladesh: Brassicaceae  

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