Adnan Ahmad, Muhammad Ashfaq, Tariq Mukhtar, Saad Imran
Malik, Irfan Anwer, Muhammad Ahsan, and Tazeem Riaz, from the different
institute of Pakistan, wrote a Research article about, Tracking Tomato
Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan. Entitled, Detection of
natural infection and reaction of tomato lines to potato virus Y in Pakistan. This
research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an
open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the
affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an
open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important solanaceous crop worldwide including Pakistan. In Pakistan the successful production of tomato is hampered due to many viral diseases including PVY which causes havoc and colossal yield losses. For management of plant viruses, accurate and proper identification of plant viruses and resistance sources is very significant. In present study, a total of 595 tomato samples with symptoms like mosaic, vein chlorosis and mild mottling were collected from tomato fields in Pakistan. All symptomatic samples were screened for the presence of Potato virus Y by DAS-ELISA using virus specific polyclonal antiserum (Bioreba AG, Switzerland). Among symptomatic samples, 104 were positive for PVY infection, of which, only eight were further screened for the presence of PVY by RT-PCR using primer pair PVYPK-F/R, that resulted in amplification of 1050 bp fragments. A total of 1050 nucleotides were obtained by sequencing each amplicon comprising a full length coat protein gene including 300 bases of UTR. The sequences of two isolates were submitted to Genbank under accession number KX816568 and KX816570. The isolate AARTPK (KX816568) was used in screening of 11 tomato cultivars. The cultivars; Kalam, NSC-92, Yaqui were found resistant (R), Rio-grandi as moderately resistant (MR) and Super-SPC and Giant-cluster as moderately susceptible (MS). Similarly, the response of BSS-30 and Gala was recorded as susceptible (S) and of Junny-2144, CKD-267 and Jagular as highly susceptible (HS). The identified resistant cultivars can be used as genetic source in developing resistant varieties against PVY in future.
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Introduction
Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum L.) is one of the extensively cultivated solanaceous vegetables
worldwide including Pakistan. Being a crucial part of our daily diet, it is 2nd
most consumed vegetable after potato in Pakistan (Kamran et al., 2012). Beside
an excellent source of vitamin A, B and C (Kothari et al., 2010), the tomatoes
also contain minerals like iron, phosphorous and carotenoids having a high
oxygenradical quenching and scavenging capability (Babalola et al., 2010). Because
of low input costs, short duration crop and inelastic demand, the growers are
attracted to cultivate tomato in Pakistan (Lohano and Mari, 2005; Tahir et al.,
2012). A diverse range of tomato varieties and cultivars of various size,
shape, quality and yield are grown globally (Georgiev et al., 1988).
Adaptability to versatile environmental conditions makes tomato a successful
crop worldwide (Tiwari et al., 2012). At present about 100 million tonnes of
fresh tomatoes are produced on 3.7 million hectares worldwide (FAOSTAT,
2014).In Pakistan, the production of good quality tomatoes is favoured by
diversified climatic conditions throughout the year (Chohan et al., 2016). With
an annual production of 574,052 tons from an area of 58,196 ha, the Pakistan stands
at 33rd position globally (Aslam et al., 2017). Per acre yield of tomato in
Pakistan is hampered by several fungal (Iqbal and Mukhtar, 2014; Iqbal et al.,
2014), viral (Ashfaq et al. 2014, 2015), bacterial (Tiwari et al., 2012) and
nematode diseases (Kayani et al., 2017).Tomato is infected by more than 146
viruses worldwide, of which 27 are potyviruses, (Green and Kim, 1991). In
Pakistan, among potyviruses, only Chilli veinal mottle virus (Ahmad and Ashfaq,
2017), has been reported to infect tomato crop.
The Potato virus Y
(PVY) is a destructive potyvirus among tomato infecting viruses (Lorenzen et
al., 2006). PVY has a wide hosts range, the virus is transmissible in
approximately 120 species belonging to 5 families (Horvath, 1983). Solanaceous
crops like Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Pepper (Capsicum anum), Tobacco
(Nicotinia tobacum) and Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum) are most affected
crops (Shukla, et al., 1994).
The infected plants
exhibit symptoms like mottling, chlorosis, necrosis, leaf drop and premature
plant death. The virus infection can cause a yield loss up to 50% in tomato
(Alam et al., 2013). Because furious nature and huge losses PVY is ranked at
5th position in term of economic damages worldwide (Gray et al., 2010). The
transmission of Potato virus Y is attributed to aphids in non-persistent,
stylet borne and non-circulative manner (Dombrovsky et al., 2005). Moreover,
the virions are also thought to be transmitted by plant material with infection
like cuttings, tubers and seed etc. (Revers and Gracia, 2015). Till now, five
strains of PVY are known (Abbas et al., 2012), while some newly emerged
recombinant strains have been recorded as well (Ali et al., 2010).
Management of plant
viruses depends on proper identification, understanding of their ecology and
epidemiology, and resistance sources. For proper identification of plant
viruses, conventional methods like symptomology or serology are occasionally
insufficient (Fauquet et al., 2003), as viruses may possess high levels of
intraspecific variability and a number of species have serological association.
Hence, the molecular detection has become essential for accurate identification
of plant viruses (Danci et al., 2009). The knowledge on host virus interaction
and their adoptability to different hosts are prerequisites to develop
different environment friendly and sustainable management strategies. In case
of plant viruses, development of resistant varieties is the only promising and
reasonable approach of disease management, which requires desired resistant
sources and continuous screening against the pathogen. Unfortunately, the
information about resistance for plant viruses in available tomato germplasm is
scanty in Pakistan, hence, the present research aimed to detect and identify
natural infection of Potato virus Y in tomato, to develop and standardize the
molecular techniques for detection of Pakistani PVY isolates and to assess the
degree of resistance inavailable tomato varieties against Potato virus Y, So
that the resistant cultivars can be used as a significant element in integrated
disease Management approaches.
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